1. Copyright Ownership

Copyright in scholarly articles published in JBMA is retained by the authors, subject to the publication and licensing arrangements applicable to the journal.

Authors remain recognised as the creators of their work and should receive appropriate attribution whenever the published article is reused, distributed, adapted or incorporated into another work.

Publication in JBMA does not transfer ownership of the author's scholarly work to readers or other users. Instead, reuse is governed by the applicable Creative Commons licence.

2. Recommended Attribution

Where material from a JBMA article is reused, users should provide sufficient information to identify the original work and its authors.

Where material has been modified, adapted, translated or otherwise changed, this should be clearly stated.

3. Third-Party Material

The CC BY 4.0 licence applicable to a JBMA article covers material for which the author or publisher has the authority to grant the licence.

Some articles may contain photographs, figures, tables, illustrations, datasets or other material owned by third parties. Such material may be subject to separate copyright terms and may not automatically be covered by the article's CC BY 4.0 licence.

4. Reproducing Material from Other Sources

Authors are responsible for ensuring that material included in a manuscript can lawfully be published by JBMA under the intended publication arrangements.

Authors should review the copyright and licensing status of any material obtained from another source, including material from their own previously published work.

Permission or another lawful basis for reuse may be required for:

• figures, photographs, illustrations or artwork owned by another rights holder;
• tables or graphical presentations reproduced from copyrighted publications;
• substantial extracts of copyrighted text;
• questionnaires, scales, instruments or other proprietary materials subject to reuse restrictions;
• maps, diagrams, screenshots or other protected visual materials;
• material previously published by the submitting author where copyright or exclusive reuse rights were transferred to another publisher; and
• other third-party material not covered by an appropriate licence or applicable legal exception.

5. When Separate Permission May Not Be Required

Separate permission may not be required where:

• the material is in the public domain;
• the material is already available under a licence that permits the intended reuse;
• the author owns the relevant copyright and has not granted conflicting exclusive rights elsewhere;
• the proposed use is permitted by an applicable copyright exception or limitation; or
• the new work uses underlying facts, ideas or data without reproducing protected expression, subject to any other applicable rights or restrictions.

6. Quotations and Copyright Exceptions

Authors may quote appropriately from other works where permitted by applicable copyright law, licence terms or other recognised exceptions and limitations.

Whether a particular quotation or reuse requires permission depends on factors such as the amount reproduced, the nature and purpose of the use, the source material and the applicable law.

Authors should therefore avoid assuming that a quotation is automatically permissible solely because it is short. All quotations must, in any event, be properly attributed.

7. Obtaining Permission

Where permission is required, authors should obtain it as early as possible to avoid delays in editorial processing and publication.

Permission should normally:

• come from the appropriate copyright or rights holder;
• cover publication in electronic and, where applicable, print formats;
• permit the intended level of access and distribution;
• be compatible with JBMA's open-access publication arrangements; and
• be retained by the author as evidence of authorised use.

JBMA may request copies of relevant licences, permissions or correspondence before publication.

8. Acknowledging Reproduced or Adapted Material

Authors should follow any attribution wording specified by the rights holder. Where no specific wording has been prescribed, a clear credit line should identify the source and the nature of the reuse.

9. Alternative Licensing Arrangements

JBMA normally publishes articles under the CC BY 4.0 licence.

Where an author is subject to a specific funder, institutional or legal requirement that may affect the applicable licence, the author should inform the Editorial Office before the article is accepted for publication.

Any alternative licensing arrangement is subject to review and approval by the publisher and must be clearly identified on the published article.

10. Author Responsibility

Authors are responsible for identifying copyrighted or otherwise restricted material within their manuscripts and for obtaining any permissions necessary for publication.

Submission of a manuscript indicates that the authors have taken reasonable steps to ensure that the material included in the work does not knowingly infringe the intellectual property rights of others.

11. Copyright in Journal Website Content

The CC BY 4.0 licence applied to published JBMA articles does not necessarily apply to every element appearing on the journal website.

Journal logos, branding, website design elements, administrative text, photographs, software, third-party content and other materials may be owned by Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM Press, the respective authors, software providers or other rights holders, as applicable.

Unless a separate open licence is clearly indicated, users should not assume that such material may be reused under the CC BY 4.0 licence applicable to journal articles.

12. At a Glance