Ucapan Kebencian dalam Talian dalam Kalangan Belia di Malaysia: Analisis terhadap Perundangan dan Luar Perundangan Tersedia
Online Hate Speech Among Youth in Malaysia: An Analysis of Existing Legal and Non-Legal Frameworks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2026.17.2.10Keywords:
Dalam talian, ucapan kebencian, belia, peraturan media sosial, sosio-perundanganAbstract
Isu ucapan kebencian dalam talian telah menjadi satu fenomena yang semakin membimbangkan terutama dalam kalangan golongan belia di Malaysia. Berdasarkan kajian-kajian awal, terdapat data-data yang menunjukkan ucapan-ucapan kebencian yang berunsurkan isu-isu sensitif seperti soal kaum, agama, dan institusi diraja (dikenali sebagai 3R) merupakan kategori aduan tertinggi yang diterima oleh pihak Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (SKMM) mutakhir ini. Peningkatan ini didorong oleh kadar capaian internet yang tinggi serta penggunaan meluas platform media sosial sebagai medium utama penyebaran ucapan kebencian. Justeru, kertas kajian ini meneliti fenomena ucapan kebencian dalam talian dengan memberi tumpuan khusus kepada golongan belia sebagai segmen pengguna terbesar media sosial di Malaysia. Bagi menangani isu ini secara menyeluruh, kajian ini menilai keberkesanan rangka perundangan dan bukan perundangan sedia ada, termasuk pindaan terkini terhadap Seksyen 233 Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998, di samping menilai kekuatan, kelemahan, dan keberkesanannya dalam melindungi belia daripada risiko kebencian digital. Dari sudut metodologi, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio-perundangan (socio-legal) berasaskan kaedah kualitatif yang menggabungkan analisis doktrinal terhadap peruntukan undang-undang berkaitan dengan data empirikal yang diperoleh melalui temu bual separa berstruktur bersama pembuat dasar dan wakil pertubuhan masyarakat madani (CSO). Hasil kajian menegaskan keperluan kepada pendekatan yang lebih komprehensif yang menggabungkan aspek perundangan, pendidikan, dan inisiatif komuniti bagi membendung ucapan kebencian secara berkesan serta mendorong belia Malaysia menjadi warga digital yang beretika dan bertanggungjawab.
ABSTRACT
Online hate speech has become an increasingly alarming phenomenon, particularly among Malaysian youths. Recent studies indicate that hate speech based on sensitive issues such as race, religion, and royalty (commonly referred to as the “3R” issues) constitutes the highest category of complaints received by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). This trend is largely driven by the country’s high internet penetration rate and the widespread use of social media platforms as primary channels for disseminating hate narratives. Accordingly, this paper examines the dynamics of online hate speech with a specific focus on youths, who represent the largest segment of social media users in Malaysia. To address this issue comprehensively, the study evaluates both legal and non-legal frameworks, including the latest amendments to Section 233 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, analysing their strengths, limitations, and effectiveness in safeguarding youths from digital hostility. Methodologically, the study adopts a socio-legal approach grounded in qualitative analysis, combining doctrinal examination of relevant legal provisions with empirical data obtained through semi-structured interviews with policymakers and representatives from civil society organisations (CSOs). The findings underscore the need for a more holistic approach that integrates legal regulation, education, and community initiatives to effectively curb online hate speech while encouraging Malaysian youths to become responsible and ethical digital citizens.
Keywords: Online, hate speech, youth, social media regulation, socio-legal.
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