E-Arbitral in Malaysia: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2024.15.2.2Keywords:
Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), dispute resolution, e-arbitration, traditional arbitration, arbitral awardAbstract
The shift from traditional arbitration to electronic arbitration (hereinafter referred to as “e-arbitration”) has been driven by several
factors, including the increasing availability of technology and the need for more efficient and cost-effective dispute resolution in a
globalised world. E-arbitration has been well-received because of its remarkable advantages, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved accessibility, making it an attractive alternative to traditional arbitration. However, to date, the adoption of e-arbitration has not been as expected and the legal position surrounding the legitimacy of the electronic arbitral award (hereinafter referred to as “e-arbitral award”) in Malaysia has yet to be established. This requires a careful examination of existing laws and regulations, as well as a careful consideration of potential challenges and opportunities. This article has been grounded in doctrinal legal research where primary and secondary sources were collected through a library-based approach and later examined using critical and analytical approaches. The use of e-arbitration in Malaysia is expected to encounter several legal challenges since it is not yet fully regulated. However, the present study has found that Malaysian national laws, including the current arbitration laws, are relevant, sufficient, and relatively developed to legalise e-arbitral award. It has also discovered several legal loopholes that must be adequately and directly considered by Malaysian lawmakers. This will enhance the sustainable establishment of e-arbitration in Malaysia and ensure the protection of the interests and rights of all parties involved. Finally, this study has proposed two models for predicting e-arbitral award by human-arbitrators and for enforcing e-arbitral award under the auspices of the AIAC.
References
Amro, I. (2019). Online arbitration in theory and in practice a comparative study of cross-border commercial transactions in common law and civil law countries. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Amro, I. (2014). Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in theory and in practice: A comparative study in Common Law and Civil Law countries. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Arsdale, S. V. (2015). User protections in online dispute resolution. Harvard Negotiation Law Review, 21(1), 107142. https://www. hnlr.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/22/HNR103_crop-1.pdf
Ayub, Z. A., et al. (2021). Policing the police in Malaysia: Comparative views. Central Asia And The Caucasus, 22(5), 1004-1015.
Badiei, F. (2015). Using online arbitration in e-commerce disputes a study on B2B, B2C and C2C Disputes. International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, 1(15), 120-147.
Barriault, R. T. (2015). Online dispute resolution and autism spectrum disorder: Levelling the playing field in disputes involving autistic parties. Studies, Western Journal of Legal, 6(2), 1–19.
Bagnaru, A. M. C. (2013). Role of arbitration as an alternative to State justice. Perspectives of Business Law Journal, 2(1), 57–65.
Berg, A. J. V. D. (2008). The New York convention of 1958: An overview. In Emmanuel Gaillard, Domenico Di Pietro, and Nanou Leleu Knobil (Eds.), Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and International Arbitral Awards–The New York Convention Practice. England: London, Cameron May.
Born, G. B. (2012). International Arbitration: Law and practice. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Carneiro, D. N. et al. (2014). Online dispute resolution: An artificial intelligence perspective. Artificial Intelligence Review, 41(2), 211–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9305-z
Chakraborty, A. (2020). Online arbitration model: A need of the hour. Social Science Research Network, 1–16. http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3536252
Croagh, M., Thomas. G., & Thyagarajan. R. (2017). Online Dispute Resolution and Electronic Hearings Arbitration in Motion. In International Arbitration Report. 5-8. London, United Kingdom: Norton Rose Fulbright. https://www.nortonrosefulbright. com/en/knowledge/publications/5121c31e/international-arbitration-report
Deskoski, T., Dokovski, V., & Kocev, L. (2021). (De) localization of Arbitration-Online vs. Offline Arbitration-E-arbitration in time of Covid 19. Iustinianus Primus Law Review, 12(1), 1-19.
Ebner, N., & Zeleznikow, J. (2015). “Fairness, Trust and Security in Online Dispute Resolution.” Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 36(2), 143–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.2713411.
Fouchard, P. & Goldman. B. (1999). Fouchard, Gaillard, Goldman on international commercial arbitration. Edited by Emmanuel Gaillard and John Savage. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer law international.
Greenberg, S., et al. (2021). International commercial arbitration: An Asia Pacific perspective. United States of America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Haloush, H. A., Melhem, B., & Malkawi, B. (2008). Equality of arms in the digital age. Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law, 5, 73–85. https://philarchive.org/archive/ maleoa-4
Hanriot, M. (2016). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) as a solution to cross border consumer disputes-the enforcement of outcomes. McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2(1), 1–22.
Han, B. (2011). Obstacles to online arbitration in China. Paper presented at the International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information. China, Guangzhou. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBMEI.2011.5917904
Hörnle, J. (2009). Cross-border internet dispute resolution. United States of America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hörnle, J. (2002). Online dispute resolution in business to consumer e-commerce transactions. Journal of Information, Law and Technology, 1(2), 1–17. http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/02-2/ hornle.html “i-Arbitration (“Islamic Arbitration”).” (2023). https://www.aiac. world/i-Arbitration-i-Arbitration-Islamic-Arbitration
Kaplan, N., & Boltenko, O. (2015). A secret tool for winning an arbitration case. Asian Dispute Review, 17(3), 116-121.
Katsh, E., & Rifkin., J. (2001). Online dispute resolution: Resolving conflicts in cyberspace. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Katsh, E., & Einy, R. E. (2017). Digital justice technology and the internet of disputes. United States of America: Oxford University Press.
Katsh, E. (2006). Online Dispute Resolution: Some implications for the emergence of law in cyberspace. Lex Electronica, 10(3), 2–11.
Kessler, J. B., & Turner, K. (2023). The innovative online arbitration evaluation tool: CaseXplorer Arbitration. LexisNexis. Published in 2015. https://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/insurance/b/ insurancelaw/posts/the-innovative-online-arbitration-evaluation-tool-casexplorer-arbitration
Kadioğlu, C. Ç. (2019). Bricks and clicks: Online dispute resolution mechanisms and implementation of online arbitration in Turkey for cross-border business to consumer e-commerce Disputes. Bilişim Hukuku Dergisi, 1(1), 113–146. https://dergipark.org. tr/en/download/article-file/775055
Kohler, K. G. (2005). Online dispute resolution and its significance for international commercial arbitration. In Gerald Aksen et al., (Ed.), Global Reflections on International Law, Commerce and Dispute Resolution: Liber Amicorum in Honour of Robert Briner, pp. 437–457. France, Paris: International Chamber of Commerce Publication.
Kierkegaard, S. M. (2004). Legal Conundrums in cyber-arbitration. Paper presented at the IADIS International Conference E-Commerce, edited by Nitya Karmakar and Pedro Isaías. Portugal, Lisbon.
Lynch, K. (2003). The forces of economic globalization: Challenges to the Regime of International Commercial Arbitration, 1st edition. The Hague: New York: Kluwer Law International.
Lodder, A. R., & Zeleznikow, J. (2010). Enhanced dispute resolution through the use of information technology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lim, I. (2023, January 1). Lawyers required to go digital by 2018. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/08/11/ lawyers-required-to-go-digital-by-2018/1440087
Labanieh, M. F., Hussain, M. A., & Mahdzir, N. (2022a). A preliminary analysis on the non legal requirements for the successful establishment of e-arbitration in Malaysia. BiLD Law Journal, 7(1s), 13-20.
Labanieh, M. F., Hussain, M. A., & Mahdzir, N. (2022b). The future of e-arbitration in Malaysia: A preliminary analysis of the legitimacy of e-arbitral agreement and procedures. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 13(1), 381-408. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2022.13.1.15
Labanieh, M. F., Hussain, M. A., & Mahdzir, N. (2019). Arbitration as a mechanism to resolve Islamic banking disputes in Malaysia: Challenges and drawbacks. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 10(2), 19–44. https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/uumjls/ article/view/uumjls.10.2.2019.4978
Mistelis, L. A. (2015). Concise international arbitration, 2nd edition. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law International.
Markert, L., & Burghardt, J. (2017). Navigating the Digital Maze-Pertinent Issues in E-Arbitration. Journal of Arbitration Studies, 27(3), 3–31.
Ortiz, A. L. (2005). Arbitration and IT. Arbitration International, 21(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/21.3.343
Ortolani, P. (2015). Self-enforcing online dispute resolution: Lessons from Bitcoin. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 36(3), 1 35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqv036
Patrikios, A. (2008). The role of transnational online arbitration in regulating cross-border e-business-Part II. Computer Law and Security Report, 24(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clsr.2008.01.005
Rashid, S. K. (2008). How ‘stay of arbitration’ could bring about quicker and cheaper settlement of commercial disputes. The Law Review, 265–272.
Rajoo, S. (2017). Law, practice and procedures of arbitration. 2nd edition. Malaysia: Lexis Nexis.
Rhea, G. (2017). International commercial arbitration: Theory of delocalization. Asian Journal of Academic Studies, 1(5), 117–126.
Rothstein, A. (2009). Mock arbitrations: A new kind of ‘Jury’ research. New York Law Journal, 242(50), 11–21.
Products and Technology. (2023). Ravel. “Products and Technology”. https://home.ravellaw.com/products-and-technology
Schultz, T. (2011). The roles of dispute settlement and ODR.” In K. Arnold Ingen-Housz (Eds.), ADR in Business: Practice and Issues across Countries and Cultures, pp. 135-155. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Schmitz, A. (2010). Drive-thru arbitration in the digital age: Empowering consumers through regulated ODR. Baylor Law Review, 62(10), 178–244.
Sastry, V. V. L. N. (2020). ADR through online arbitration - The future of justice. Idea Publishing.
Tyler, M. C., & McPherson, W. (2006). Online dispute resolution and family disputes. Journal of Family Studies, 12(2), 165–183.
The Arbitration Court. (2023). Arbitration Court. https://en.soud.cz/ arbitration-court
Tan, V. (2019). Online dispute resolution for small civil claims in Victoria: A new paradigm in Civil justice. Deakin Law Review, 24(1), 101 138. https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/dlr/article/ download/873/838
Frequently Asked Questions. (2023a). The e filling system. https://efs. kehakiman.gov.my/efsweb
Frequently Asked Questions.(2023b). The CaseXplorer arbitration. http://www.casexplorerarbitration.com/tutorial/faq.aspx
Yüksel, A. E. B. (2007). Online international arbitration. Ankara Law Review, 4(1), 83 93. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/ dergiler/64/1542/16895.pdf
Vora, P. (2013). Online international commercial arbitration: Tracing the contours. The Indian Arbitrator, 5(7), 1 9. www. arbitrationindia.org/pdf/tia_5_7.pdf
Valerievich, A. J. (2017). Electronic arbitration: Legal issues. Revista Română de Arbitraj, 3(43), 27-37.
Wang, F. F. (2018). Online arbitration, 1st edition. New York: Informa Law from Routledge.
Wahab, M. S. A., & Katsh, E. (2018). Revolutionizing technologies and the use of technology in international arbitration innovation, legitimacy, prospects and challenges.” In Arbitration in the Digital Age: The Brave New World of Arbitration, edited by Maud Piers and Christian Aschauer, 27–55. United States of America, New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108283670.
Wahab, M. A. (2011). ODR and e-arbitration: Trends and challenges. In Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab, M. Ethan Katsh and Daniel Rainey (Eds.), Online Dispute Resolution: Theory and Practice A Treatise on Technology and Dispute Resolution, 387–429. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.
Widjaja, G., Andryawan, & Liando, V. R. (2020). Online arbitration: Comparative analysis. Paper presented at Proceedings of the Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution International Conference (ADRIC 2019). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200917.012
Zheng, J. (2017). The recent development of online arbitration rules in China. Information and Communications Technology Law, 26(2), 135 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2017.131 9113
Zheng, J. (2020). Online resolution of e-commerce disputes: Perspectives from the European Union, the UK, and China. Germany, Springer.
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
Research impact
Harvested 2026-09-07Counts differ between services because each indexes a different body of literature. None of them is the whole picture.
- OpenAlex 0 View →
- Semantic Scholar 0 View →
- Crossref 0 View →
- Scopus 0 View →
- Google Scholar no free count Search →
- Dimensions no free count Search →
