Model Kesihatan Mental Remaja Luar Bandar di Malaysia
(A Mental Health Model for Rural Adolescents in Malaysia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/jps2024.27.9Keywords:
Remaja, Kesihatan Mental, Luar Bandar, Analisis Faktor, Youth, Mental Health, Rural, Factor AnalysisAbstract
Di Malaysia, remaja merupakan kelompok yang sering dikaitkan dengan isu kesihatan mental akibat kurang daya tindak dan terdedah dengan tekanan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk membina model khusus kepada kesihatan mental remaja, dan ianya berfokus kepada remaja luar bandar. Jika kita lihat, isu remaja di luar bandar menjadi satu agenda penting pembangunan negara kerana mereka sering dikaitkan dengan penglibatan dengan gejala-gejala negatif yang sering menjadi perhatian pihak kerajaan Malaysia. Kajian ini telah melibatkan 385 orang remaja luar bandar daripada Zon Utara Semenanjung Malaysia yang secara sukarela dan mereka telah dipilih menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan. Dalam kajian ini, empat alat ukur yang releven dengan isu kesihatan mental remaja telah digunakan iaitu, Skala Kesejahteraan Psikologi oleh Ryff dan Keyes (1995), Skala COPE oleh Carver (1997), Inventori Emosi Bar-On oleh Bar-On (1997) dan Skala Ketara Sedar oleh Brown dan Bryan (2003). Melalui item-item daripada alat ukur ini, pengkaji telah membentuk pelbagai dimensi model menggunakan keadah analisis faktor (exploratory factor analysis). Setelah itu, pengesahan dan kesepadanan data yang diperolehi diukur menggunakan confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) bagi membentuk satu model pengukuran. Berdasarkan analisis kajian, terdapat tujuh faktor yang terbentuk mewakili dimensi kesihatan mental remaja luar bandar iaitu (i) emosi, (ii) penyelesaian masalah (problem -solving), (iii) kesejahteraan intelektual (intellectual wellness), (iv) kerohanian (spirituality), (v) penglibatan sosial (social engagement), (vi) resiliensi dan (vii) tingkah laku (behavioral). Ketujuh-tujuh dimensi model yang terbina ini mewakili mekanisma remaja bertindak dalam menghadapi cabaran isu kesihatan mental. Elemen ini juga dipercayai mampu menjadi pemangkin kepada mengurangkan keterlibatan remaja luar bandar kepada risiko gangguan mental dalam menjalani kefungsian kehidupan.
ABSTRACT
In Malaysia, youth is a group often associated with mental health issues due to lack of response and exposure to stress. Therefore, the study aims to build a model specific to adolescent mental health, and it focuses on rural youth. If we look at it, the issue of rural youth is a national change agenda as they are often associated with involvement with negative symptoms that are often of concern to the Malaysian government. The study involved 385 youths from the northern zone of Peninsular Malaysia who volunteered and they were selected using random sampling techniques. In this study, four measuring devices relevant to adolescent mental health issues were used, namely the Psychological Wellbeing Scale by Ryff and Keyes (1995), the COPE Scale by Carver (1997), the Bar-On Emotional Inventory by Bar-On (1997) and Mindfulness Awareness Scale by Brown & Bryan (2003). Through items from the surveying, the researchers formed a model dimension using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). After that, the verification and matching of the data obtained is measured using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to form a measurement model. Based on the results of the study there are seven factors that are formed to represent the mental health dimensions of rural adolescents i.e. (i) emotional, (ii) problem solving, (iii) intellectual wellness, (iv) spirituality, (v) social engagement, (vi) resilience and (vii) behavioral. The seven dimensions of this built-in model represent a youth mechanism acting in the face of the challenges of mental health issues. This element is also believed to be a catalyst to reduce the involvement of rural youths to the risk of mental disorders in the course of life functions.
Downloads
References
Alavi, M., Mehrinezhad, S. A., Amini, M., & Singh, K. P (2017). Family functioning and trait emotional intelligence among youth. Health Psychology Open, Jul-Dec, 1-5. Azyanti Mohd Nazim, Fariza Md. Sham & Salasiah Hanin Hamjah (2013). Ciri-ciri remaja berisiko: Kajian literatur. Islamiyyat, 35(1),111-119.
Alegría, M., NeMoyer, A., Falgàs Bagué, I. et al. (2018). Social determinants of mental health: Where we are and where we need to go. Curr Psychiatry Rep 20, 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11920-018-0969-9 Atasuntseva, A. A., Basile, K., La Prade, R., Wilberding, N.,
Friedberg, R. J., Wister, A. S., & Friedberg, R. D. (2020). Public perceptions of behavioral health care and psychotherapy for youth: Promotion and product dimensions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 51(5), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000357
Biscoe, B., & Harris, B. (1994). Resiliency Attitudes Scale Manual (R.A.S). Eagle Ridge Institute. Banos. R. M., Etchemendy, E., Mira, A., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A., &
Botella, C. (2017). Online Positive Intervention to promote well-being and resilience in the adolescent population: A narrative review. Front Psychiatry, 8-10.
Cummings, J. R. (2014). Contextual socioeconomic status and mental health counseling use among US adolescents with depression. J Youth Adolescence, 43, 1151–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10964-013-0021-7
Djuraevna, K. M. (2023). Methodology of Inclusion of Healthy Lifestyle Skills in Adolescents with Deviant Behavior. Novateur Publications, 13, 1-7
Dodge, R., Daly, A. P., Huyton, J., Sanders, L. D. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222-235 Dasar Belia Malaysia, Kementerian Belia dan Sukan. Dipetik pada April 19, 2019 daripada www.kbs.gov.my/akta-dasar/dasar. html?...86:dasar-belia-malaysia Dasar Kesihatan Mental Negara, Kementerian Kesihatan Mental. Dipetik pada April 19, 2019 dari:http://www.moh.gov.my/moh/ resources/Penerbitan/Rujukan/NCD/Kesihatan%20Mental/8_ Dasar_Kesihatan_Mental_Negara.pdf
Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S-J. (2018). Studying individual differences in human adolescent brain development. Nature Neurosciences, 21(3), 315-323
Gregory, R., & Moore, B. (2024). Sorting it out: Supporting teenage decision making. Cambridge University Press
Hawke, L., Mehra, K., Settipani, C. et al. (2019). What makes mental health and substance use services youth friendly? A scoping review of literature. BMC Health Serv Res, 19, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4066-5 Hymel, S., Low, A., Starosta, L., Gill, R., & Schonert-Reichl, K. (2017). Promoting mental well-being through social-emotional learning in schools: Examples from British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 36(4), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2017-029
Horton, B. W., & Snyder, C. S. (2009). Wellness: Its impact on student grades and implications for business. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 8(2), 215-233
Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2009). Managing emotions during team problem solving: Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution. Human Performance,17(2), 195-218 Mohd Nuri Mustafa, Turiman Suandi, Azimi Hamzah, & Ismi Arif
Ismail (2016). Fenomena Delinkuen dalam kalangan remaja yang berisiko di sebuah sekolah menengah kebangsaan agama di luar bandar. Jurnal Kemanusian, 25(2), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Mellisa Edora Sanu & Balan Rathakrishnan. (2019). Strategi daya tindak sebagai mediator dalam hubungan kecerdasan emosi dan kesejahteraan psikologi pelajar miskin di luar bandar Sabah. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 9-15 Portal Rasmi Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (10 Oktober 2023). Dipetik pada 21 Mac 2023 dari https://www.moh.gov.my/ index.php/pages/view/8517
Kelly & Coughlan. (2018). A theory of youth mental health recovery from parental perspective. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 24(2), 161-169
Lee, J. C. K. (Ed.). (2024). Spiritual, Life and Values Education for Children. Taylor & Francis. Lee Lam Thye (15 Jun 2017). Tangani masalah kesihatan mental. Dipetik daripada www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/tanganimasalah-mental-1.493396
Mohd Dahlan A. Malek & Ida Shafinaz Mohamed Kamil (2010). Jenayah dan masalah sosial di kalangan remaja: Cabaran dan realiti dunia siber. In: Program Jenayah Cyber dan Isu pemerdagangan manusia di Malaysia, 26 Ogos 2010, Resital Hall, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
Melnyk, B. M. (2018). Intellectual wellbeing: Learn how to keep your mind nimble for lifelong health benefits. American Nurse Today, 13(5), 24+
Melamed, O. C., Selby, P., & Taylor, V. H. (2024). Obesity, Mental Health, and Health-Related Quality of Life. In Handbook of Obesity-Volume 1 (pp. 581-587). CRC Press. Nasir, M. A. M., Omar, M. S. L. S., Ismail, S., Ali, N. A. M., & Faudzi,
F. N. M. (2023). Exploring the ://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2023.145047 Jabatan Perdana Menteri (11 Oktober 2018). Teks Ucapan Perasmian Timbalan Perdana Menteri sempena Sambutan Hari Kesihatan Mental Sedunia 2018. Diakses pada April 20 2019 dari tpm. jpm.gov.my/tpm/ms/node/68
Shamzaeffa Samsudin & Kelvin Tan Chee Hong (2016). Hubungan antara tahap kesihatan mental dan prestasi pelajar sarjana muda: Satu kajian di Universiti Utara Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 14(10), 11-16.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological wellbeing revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 71-72 Rachmayanti, R. D., Dewi, F. S. T., Setiyawati, D., Megatsari, H.,
Diana, R., & Vinarti, R. A. (2024). The effectiveness of digital communication media to improve adolescent resilience skills for preventing mental health problems: A scoping review protocol.
Smith, G. D., Yang, F. (2017). Stress, resilience and psychological well-being in Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 49, 90-95 Sahril, N., Ahmad, N. A., Idris, I. B., Sooryanarayana, R., & Abd
Razak, M. A. (2021). Factors associated with mental health problems among Malaysian children: A large population-based study. Children, 8(2), 119.
Singh, S., Zaki, R. A., Farid, N. D. N., & Kaur, K. (2022). The determinants of mental health literacy among young adolescents in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3242.
Samsudin, S., Ismail, R., Daud, S. N. M., & Yahya, S. (2024). The prevalence and underlying factors of mental health disorders in Malaysian youth. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 15, 100706.
Strom, P. S., & Strom, R. D. (2024). Mental health and relationships from early adulthood through old age. Taylor & Francis.
Tolbin, D. L., Holroyd, K. A., Reynolds, R. V., & Kigal, J. K. (1989). The hierarchical factor structure of coping strategis inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 343-361.
Twum-Antwi, A., Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020) Promoting child and youth resilience by strengthening home and school environments: A literature review. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 8(2), 78-89. Ruth, T., Louse, H., Ruth, F., Stephen, P., Stephen, J., Scott, W. Jane,
P., Jenny, S., Sarah, S.B. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Healthy and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(10), 63.
4.png)
