IMPACT OF THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION IN THE MINDANAO CONFLICT

Abstract

The Mindanao conflict, one of Asia's most protracted conflicts, is rooted in the Bangsamoro people's pursuit of self-determination and lasting peace. To address this longstanding conflict between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro groups, international actors have played a crucial role in conflict resolution through various forms of third-party intervention. This study employs thematic analysis to examine the nature of the Mindanao conflict and the impact of third-party intervention by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Malaysia, Japan, and the International Contact Group (ICG). Using a qualitative research approach based on academic articles, books, and relevant literature, the study explores the dynamics of the conflict and evaluates the effectiveness of these international efforts in supporting its resolution. The study argues that the mediation and peacebuilding efforts of these regional and international actors advanced the Mindanao peace process and contributed positively to conflict resolution by mitigating the devastating effects of the conflict. The involvement of the OIC, Malaysia, and Japan encouraged the conflicting parties to pursue peaceful approaches to conflict resolution through dialogue, international leverage, and third-party mediation. Japan and the ICG also played crucial roles during the post-conflict period by providing humanitarian, financial, and development assistance that supported the recovery and reconstruction in the region. Nevertheless, insufficient monitoring and follow-up efforts by the OIC and Malaysia affected the sustainability of the peace process and contributed to delays in achieving a lasting settlement. Accordingly, this study recommends that third-party place greater emphasis on monitoring, implementation and assessment during the post-conflict phase. Drawing on Galtung's Conflict Triangle Theory, the study finds that the Mindanao conflict is asymmetrical, with the GRP occupying a dominant position relative to the Moro groups. It further identifies the conflict as a power asymmetry arising from unequal distribution of power between the two parties, with the Philippine government possessing significantly greater political and military power than the Moro groups.