PULAU PINANG SEBAGAI PANGKALAN REVOLUSI CHINA DAN PENGLIBATAN CHEN BIJUN DALAM GERAKAN TONGMENGHUI

(Penang As A Base Of The Chinese Revolution And Chen Bijun's Involvement In The Tongmenghui Movement)

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini meneliti peranan Pulau Pinang sebagai pangkalan strategik Revolusi China pada awal abad ke-20 melalui penglibatan Chen Bijun (1891-1959) dalam gerakan Tongmenghui. Kajian terdahulu lebih banyak menumpukan perhatian kepada tokoh revolusioner lelaki dan perkembangan politik di China, manakala sumbangan masyarakat Cina perantauan serta wanita revolusioner di Asia Tenggara masih kurang diberikan perhatian. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dengan menganalisis sumber primer dan sekunder, termasuk memoir, surat-menyurat, akhbar revolusioner dan dokumen arkib yang berkaitan dengan aktiviti revolusi China di Asia Tenggara. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Pulau Pinang berfungsi sebagai pusat penting penyebaran ideologi revolusi, mobilisasi politik, pengumpulan dana dan pembentukan jaringan revolusioner transnasional. Kajian ini turut membuktikan bahawa jaringan keluarga, organisasi diaspora, media revolusioner dan hubungan sosial di Pulau Pinang memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk kesedaran politik dan komitmen revolusioner Chen Bijun. Selain dikenali melalui hubungannya dengan Wang Jingwei, Chen Bijun terlibat secara aktif dalam kegiatan revolusi, menyokong penerbitan akhbar revolusioner dan membantu pembiayaan gerakan nasionalis. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Revolusi China berkembang sebagai gerakan transnasional yang disokong oleh masyarakat Cina perantauan, manakala Pulau Pinang muncul sebagai ruang penting dalam pembentukan nasionalisme China moden di luar tanah besar China.

ABSTRACT

This study examines the role of Penang as a strategic base of the Chinese Revolution in the early twentieth century through the involvement of Chen Bijun (1891-1959) in the Tongmenghui movement. Existing studies have largely focused on prominent male revolutionaries and political developments in China, while the contributions of overseas Chinese communities and women revolutionaries in Southeast Asia remain underexplored. Using a historical approach, this study analyses primary and secondary sources, including memoirs, correspondence, revolutionary newspapers, and archival materials relating to Chinese revolutionary activities in Southeast Asia. The findings demonstrate that Penang functioned as an important centre for the dissemination of revolutionary ideology, political mobilisation, fundraising, and the development of transnational revolutionary networks. The study also reveals that family ties, diaspora organisations, revolutionary publications, and social networks in Penang played a crucial role in shaping Chen Bijun’s political consciousness and revolutionary commitment. Beyond her association with Wang Jingwei, Chen Bijun actively participated in revolutionary activities, supported revolutionary journalism, and contributed to the financing of nationalist movements. The study concludes that the Chinese Revolution was sustained not only by developments in China but also by the active participation of overseas Chinese communities. Penang emerged as a significant site for the construction of Chinese nationalism and revolutionary support beyond mainland China.