Compliance to International Trade Rules: The Case of Malaysia’s Environmental Protection Measures
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2019.10.1.2Keywords:
Shareholders, Annual eneral eeting, Shareholder associationsAbstract
An environmental protection measure will have an effect on international trade when it affects market access of goods and services. The objectives of this paper are to explore the international trade rules that need to be complied by the government of Malaysia with respect to invoking environmental protection measures and secondly, to look into the government’s compliance with international trade rules when invoking such measures. The international trade rules that need to be complied in this study are the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Malaysia’s environmental protection measures can be found in Malaysia’s domestic laws such as the Plant Quarantine Act 1976, Food Act 1983, Fisheries Act 1985 and national policies. The methodology employed in this study was by analyzing WTO and GATT agreements and decisions by the Dispute Settlement Bodies of the WTO in international dispute cases and also by analyzing Malaysia’s regulations in order to find out how far the government has complied with these international trade rules. The significance of this study is to recognize Malaysia’s efforts in dealing with international trade rules when invoking environmental protection measures.
References
Agbonika, J., Alewo, M., & Olong, M. A (2014). The Legal Effects of Articles of Association of a Company: Perspectives on Corporate Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 28, 124-128.
Ajoku, O. O. (2014). Demythification of the Organic Theory of Company Law Through the Lens of Corporate Governance Jurisprudence: Revisiting Shareholder’s Activism (Case Study of Nigeria’s Company and Allied Matters Act, 2004).
Anandarajah, K. (2001). Corporate Governance. A Practical Approach. Asia: Butterworth.
Apostolides, N. (2007). Directors Versus Shareholders: Evaluating Corporate Governance in The UK Using the AGM Scorecard. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(6), 1277-1287.
Rachagan, S. & Mohd Sulaiman, A. (2018). Expanding Shareholders’ Power: An Analysis of Reform Proposals in Malaysia. Review of Law & Economics. Retrieved 11 Mar. 2018, from doi:10.1515/rle-2015-0041 UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67)
Apostolides, N., & Boden, R. (2005). Cedric The Pig: Annual General Meetings and Corporate Governance in the UK. Social Responsibility Journal 1(1), 53-62.
Arnold, B. & De Lange, P. (2004). Enron: An Examination of Agency Problems: Critical Perspectives on Accounting 15(6) 751-765.
Atte, B. (2015). Enhancing Shareholder’s Participation in Company Meetings in Nigeria Through Application of Information Technology. Journal of Humanities and Social Science 20(9).
Baums, T. (2000). General Meetings in Listed Companies – New Challenges and Opportunities, Company Law Reform in OECD Countries: A Comparative Outlook of Current Trends. Stockholm, Sweden.
Brudney, V. (1996). Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law. BCL Rev., 38, 595.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Conyon, M. J., & Leech, D. (1994). Top Pay, Company Performance and Corporate Governance. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 56(3), 229-247.
Chong, B. C., Ngee, P. K. T., & Ling, P. S. W. (2006). Chan & Koh On Malaysian Company Law: Principles & Practice. 2nd Edition.
Crutchley, C. E., & Hansen, R. S. (1989) A Test of the Agency Theory of Managerial Ownership, Corporate Leverage, and Corporate Dividends. Financial Management, 18(4), 36-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3665795
Carolyn, J. C. (2005). Annual General Meeting as an Accountability Mechanism. Working Paper No.23, University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Davies, P., Worthington, S., & Micheler, E. (2012). Gower And Davies: Principles of Modern Company Law 8th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Dent, C. (2017). A Law Student-Oriented Taxonomy for Research in Law. Victoria U. Wellington L. Rev., 48, 371.
Dicicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The Qualitative Research Interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321.
Du Plessis, J. J., Hargovan, A., & Harris, J. (2018). Principles of contemporary corporate governance. Cambridge University Press. UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67)
Easterbrook, F. & Fischel, D. (1993). Contract and Fiduciary Duty. Journal of Law and Economics 36, 425.
Etukudo. A (2000). Issues in Privatization and Restructuring in Sub-Saharan Africa - Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy Working Paper IPPRED 5. http://www.ilo.org/
Fama, E. (1980). Agency Problems and The Theory of The Firm. Journal of Political Economy 88, 288 At 290.
Fox, J. (2008). Applied Corporate Governance: Call for Reform Of AGM. Keeping Good Companies, 60(5), 270.
Galbreath, J. (2017). The Impact of Board Structure on Corporate Social Responsibility: A Temporal View. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(3), 358-370.
Goranova, M., Abouk, R., Nystrom, P. C., & Soofi, E. S. (2017). Corporate Governance Antecedents to Shareholder Activism: A Zero-Inflated Process. Strategic Management Journal, 38(2), 415-435.
George, H. (Ed.) (1977). Associations and Law: The Classical and Early Christian Stages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Ghadas, Z. A. A. (2007). Real or Artificial-Jurisprudential Theories on Corporate Personality. US-China Law Review, 4, 6.
Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2018). Qualitative Methods for Health Research. Sage, London Hampel Report on Corporate Governance: Finance Report (1998).
Hayati A. S. & Hasani, M. A. (2015). A Legal Perspective of Shareholders’ Meeting in The Globalised And Interconnected Business Environment. Global Conference on Business & Social Science-2014, GCBSS-2014, 15th & 16th December, Kuala Lumpur.
Henderson, H. (2018). Difficult Questions of Difficult Questions: The Role of the Researcher and Transcription Styles. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 31(2), 143-157.
Iwai, K. (1999). Persons, Things and Corporations: The Corporate Personality Controversy and Comparative Corporate Governance. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 47(4), 583-632.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360. UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67)
Johnson, A. (2007). After OFR: Can UK Shareholder Value Still Be Enlightened? European Business Organisation Law Review 7, 817 At 821.
Joseph, H. (2009). The Uses and Abuses of Agency Theory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19, 497-528.
Kahn-Freund, O. (1940). Articles of Association and Contractual Rights. The Modern Law Review 4(2), 145-148.
Kaler, J. (2002). Responsibility, Accountability and Governance. Business Ethics: A European Review, 11(4), 327-334.
Katsuhito, I. (1999). Persons, Things and Corporations: The Corporate Personality Controversy and Comparative Corporate Governance, American Journal of Comparative Law, 47(4), 583-632.
Kucukyalcin, E. (2018). Converging the Shareholder and Stakeholder Theories. In Sustainability and Social Responsibility: Regulation and Reporting 203-223. Springer, Singapore.
Lafarre A. (2014). Shareholder Activism at European Agms: Voting Turnout and Behaviour of (Small) Shareholders. Master’s Thesis Ondernemingsrecht, Tilburg University.
Lazonick, W., & O’sullivan, M. (2000). Maximizing Shareholder Value: A New Ideology for Corporate Governance. Economy and Society, 29(1), 13-35.
Lea, S. (2012). Qualitative Data Analysis. Seminar for The Academic Swiss Caucasus Net. Armenia.
Luo, Y. (2005). Corporate Governance and Accountability in Multinational Enterprises: Concepts and Agenda. Journal of International Management, 11(1), 1-18.
Lucian, A. B. (2005). The Case for Increasing Shareholder Power. Harvard Law Review, 118 (3) 833-914.
Magaji, S. (2018). Improving Member’s Participation in the Annual General Meeting under Nigerian Corporate Law. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Universiti Utara Malaysia,
Maximilian, K. (1949). Person in Imagination or Persona Ficta of the Corporation,” 9 La. L. Rev. 437.
Nelson, D. (2015). The Dilemma of the Shareholders Under the Nigerian Company Law, Journal of Policy and Globalisation.
Newman, C. E, & Chibuike, O. O. (2014). Corporate Governance Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of Shareholders Right of Entry. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_ id= 2397377 UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67)
Ndzi, E. (2017). The impact of the Salomon Principle on Directors’ Remuneration in the UK. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(2), 257-270.
Okike, E. N. M. (2007). Corporate Governance in Nigeria: The Status Quo’ Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2) 173-193.
Oliver, H. (1995). Corporate Governance: Some Theory and Implications. Economic Journal, 105(430), 678-689.
Owusu, A., & Weir, C. (2018). Agency Costs, Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance Mechanisms in Ghana. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 14(1), 63-84.
Proctor, G., & Miles, L. (2003). Corporate Governance. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited.
Rachagan, S. & Mohd Sulaiman, A. (2018). Expanding Shareholders’ Power: An Analysis of Reform Proposals in Malaysia. Review of Law & Economics. Retrieved 11 Mar. 2018, from doi:10.1515/rle-2015-0041
Rachagan, S., Pascoe, J. & Joshi, A. (2010). Concise Principles of Company Law in Malaysia. 2nd edition.
Radin, M. (1932). The Endless Problem of Corporate Personality. Columbia Law Review, 32(4), 643-667.
Rashidah A., & Mohammad R.Salim. (2010). Corporate Governance in Malaysia: Theory, Law and Context. Malaysia: Sweet & Maxwell. Respondent 1 (Professor of Law) Interviewed by Researcher, Nigeria 2016. Respondent 2 (Lecturer), Interviewed by Researcher, FCT Abuja,
Nigeria, October 27, 2016. Respondent 3 (Lecturer), Interviewed by Researcher, Nigeria, October 26, 2016. Respondent 4 (Lecturer), Interviewed by Researcher, Nigeria. Respondent 5 (Lecturer), interviewed by researcher, Kano, Nigeria, October 25, 2016. Respondent 7 (Shareholder activist), interviewed by researcher, FCT
Abuja, Nigeria, October 27, 2016. Respondent 8 (Shareholder Activist), Interviewed by Researcher,
Nigeria, December 12, 2016. Respondent 12 (Company Director), interviewed by researcher,
Kano, Nigeria, November 22, 2016. Respondent 16 (Regulator), interviewed by researcher, Kano,
Nigeria, November 21, 2016. UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67) Respondent 17 (Regulator), interviewed by researcher, FCT Abuja,
Nigeria, November 22, 2016.
Richard, S. (2010). Practical Guide to Corporate Governance 4th Edition. England: Sweet & Maxwell.
Robert, H. (1979). New Concept of Corporations: A Contractual and Private Property Model. 30, Hastings L. J. 1327.
Robin, H. Q. C. (2013). Hollington on Shareholder’s Rights, 17th Edition. England: Sweet & Maxwell.
Rotimi, B. (2015). A Minority Shareholder. http://www.daargroup. com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-shareholdersassociations-losing-focus
Ruth, P. (2011). Shareholders Associations and Rest of Us. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/09/
Sola, E. O. (2016). Role of Shareholders in Implementing the Code of Corporate Governance. http://www.businessdayonline. com
Schane, S. A. (1987). The Corporation Is a Person: The Language of Legal Fiction, 61 Tul. L. Rev. 563.
Seidman, I. (2013). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and The Social Sciences. New York & London. Teachers College, Columbia University.
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1997). A Survey of Corporate Governance. The Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737-783.
Shuangge W. (2013). Shareholder Primacy and Corporate Governance: Legal Aspects, Practices and Future Direction. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Simon, H. A. (1951). A Formal Theory of The Employment Contract. Econometrica 19: 293-305.
Steven V. M. & Neil W. S. (1991). Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow: Acquisition Activity and Equity Issues. Journal of Business 64(2), 213-227.
Sturges, J. E., & Hanrahan, K. J. (2004). Comparing Telephone and Face-to-Face Qualitative Interviewing: A Research Note. Qualitative Research, 4(1), 107-118.
Susan P. S. (2005). Agency Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 31, 263-284.
Van Der Weide, M. (1996). Against Fiduciary Duties to Corporate Stakeholders. Journal of Corporate Law, 21, 27 At 57.
Wells, H. (ed.). (2018). Research Handbook on the History of Corporate and Company Law. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Yaqin, A. (2007). Legal Research and Writing. LexisNexis. UUMJLS 10(1) Jan 2019 (43-67) Decided Cases
Hutton V. West Cork Railway Co (1882) 23 Ch D 654.
Kotoye V. Saraki (1994) 7 NWLR 414 at 467.
Longe V. FBN PLC (2006) LPELR-7682 CA.
M. A. Omisade & Ors V. Harry Akandelpelr (1987) 2639 S.C.
New Resources Int’l Ltd & Anor V Ejike Oranusi Esq (2010) LPELR-4592, C.A.
NIB Investment West-Africa V. Omisore (2006)4 NWLR Pt. 969 172 at 200.
Salomon V. Salomon (1879) AC 22. Tsokwa Oil Marketing Co. V. U.T.C. (Nig.) Plc (2002) 12 NWLR Pt. 52 437 C.A.
Yalaju Amaye V. A. R.E.C (1990) 4 NWLR Pt. 145 422. (Footnotes)
Robin, H. Q.C. (2013). Hollington on Shareholders’ Rights, 17th edition. United Kingdom: Sweet & Maxwell Limited;
Magaji, S. (2018). Improving Member’s Participation in the Annual General Meeting under Nigerian Corporate Law. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Universiti Utara Malaysia, European Corporate Governance Institute, http://www. ecgi.org/activism/index.php. (accessed March 25, 2017); Goranova, M., Abouk, R., Nystrom, P. C., & Soofi, E. S. (2017). Corporate Governance Antecedents to Shareholder Activism: A Zero-Inflated Process. Strategic Management Journal, 38(2), 415-435.
Worthington, S. (2001). Shareholders: Property, Power and Entitlement, part 1 & 2, Vol. 22 Company Lawyer 258.
Jensen, Mc. and Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics (3) 305.
Beebchuk, L.A. (2005). The Case for Increasing Shareholder Power. Harvard Law Review, 118 833.
Fama, E.F. and Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of Ownership and Control. Journal of Law and Economics, (26) 301.
Hirschmann, A.O. (1976). Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organisations, and States.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
Research impact
Harvested 2026-10-03Counts differ between services because each indexes a different body of literature. None of them is the whole picture.
