Kesesuaian Undang-Undang untuk Perlindungan Corak Tradisional Orang Iban di Sarawak, Malaysia (the Suitability of Laws for the Protection of Traditional Design of Orang Iban in Sarawak)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.1.10Keywords:
Corak, Harta Intelek, Perlindungan, Pernyataan Kebudayaan Tradisional (PKT), Warisan BudayaAbstract
Corak tradisional Orang Iban yang semakin mendapat perhatian telah ditiru, dieksploitasi, digunakan tanpa kebenaran dan digunakan dalam keadaan yang menghina Orang Iban. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang undang-undang yang sesuai bagi melindungi pengungkapan kebudayaan tradisional (PKT), terutamanya corak tradisional. Hal ini kerana terdapat pelbagai jenis undang-undang yang digunakan di seluruh dunia dalam melindungi PKT dan tiada instrumen undang-undang antarabangsa yang khusus diperuntukkan untuk melindungi PKT. Selain daripada itu, objektif artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk mencadangkan undang-undang yang sesuai digunakan di Malaysia untuk melindungi corak tradisional Orang Iban daripada perspektif PKT. Kajian perpustakaan dilakukan berdasarkan sumber primer dan sekunder seperti buku, kertas-kertas kajian dan dokumen perundangan melalui pangkalan data elektronik dan carian Internet menggunakan kata kunci seperti perlindungan warisan budaya, perlindungan pengungkapan kebudayaan tradisional, warisan Orang Asal dan perlindungan corak Orang Asal. Dapatan kajian diasingkan dan dibincangkan mengikut jenis undang-undang yang dicadangkan iaitu undang-undang warisan budaya, undang-undang harta intelek, gabungan undang-undang, undang-undang adat dan undang-undang sui generis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tiada satu jenis undang-undang yang dipersetujui di peringkat antarabangsa untuk melindungi PKT. Kajian ini mencadangkan supaya undang-undang warisan budaya dan harta intelek sedia ada dipinda dan digunakan secara bersama-sama untuk memberikan perlindungan yang pantas untuk beberapa aspek keperluan Orang Iban terhadap corak tradisional mereka. Namun begitu, satu kerangka perundangan baru yang khusus (sui generis) harus digubal untuk memberikan perlindungan yang menyeluruh dan untuk jangka masa yang panjang bagi corak tradisional Orang Iban.
ABSTRACT
Iban’s traditional designs that are gaining attention have been copied, exploited, and used without any authorisation or in derogatory manners. This article intends to provide an overview on the laws suitable to be used in protecting traditional cultural expressions (TCEs), especially traditional designs. This is due to the variety of laws used around the world in protecting TCEs and the absence of international legal instruments that provide protection to the TCEs specifically. Besides, the objective of this article is also to suggest suitable laws to be used in Malaysia to protect the Iban’s traditional designs from the TCEs perspective. Literature review method is applied based on primary and secondary sources from books, research papers and legal documents which was implemented by means of electronic database and internet search using key terms such as protection of cultural heritage, protection of traditional cultural expressions, indigenous heritage and protection of indigenous designs. The results were then separated and discussed according to the type of laws suggested, namely, cultural heritage law, intellectual property law and combination of different laws, customary law, and sui generis law. The finding showed that there was no single type of law that had been agreed upon at the international level to be used in protecting TCEs. This writing suggested that the existing cultural heritage and intellectual property law be amended and used together to provide immediate protection for some aspects of the Iban’s traditional design. However, a new and specific legal framework (sui generis) needs to be enacted in order to provide a comprehensive protection to the Iban’s traditional design in the long term.
Keywords: Intellectual Property, Pattern, Protection, Traditional cultural expressions (TCEs), Cultural Heritage.
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