The Implementation of 12-Year Compulsory Education in 3T Area: A Case Study of Kupang Regency
(Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Wajib -12 Tahun di Kawasan 3T: Satu Kajian Kes di Kabupaten Kupang)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/myjid2026.1.1.12Keywords:
study, implementation, 12-Year compulsory education, three area remote, frontier and outermost, Kupang regencyAbstract
Education is a fundamental right and should be accessible to all school-age in Indonesia in a fair and equal manner. In addition, the government has created and put into action various education programs that are just and fair, with a primary focus on the 12-year compulsory education program, specifically in 3T (Disadvantaged, Remote, and Border) areas. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how the 12-year compulsory education was being carried out in 3T area, using Kupang Regency in East Nusa Tenggara as a specific example. In order to perform the investigation, a qualitative approach was employed, and interviews were performed with different individuals, including the head of the Kupang Regency Office, school principals from elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as community leaders. The results showed numerous challenges that the region faced, such as problems related to access, infrastructure, education quality, and educational standards. The strategies used involved cooperation among the government, private sector, and the community to effectively implement the 12-year compulsory education program.
Downloads
References
Abrar. (2012). Wajib belajar 9 tahun: Sejarah kebijakan dalam bidang pendidikan (1994-2001). Jurnal Sejarah Lontar, 9(1), 69–85.
Ahdiat, A. (2022). Jumlah anak putus sekolah, dari Aceh sampai Papua. Databoks.Katadata.Co.Id.
Andriyansyah, A. C. (2018). Implementasi kebijakan wajib belajar sembilan tahun. Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.26740/jdmp.v2n2.p103-115
Ayuningtyas, I. (2021). Ketimpangan akses pendidikan di Kalimantan Timur (Inequality of access to education in East Kalimantan). Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 6(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v6i2.2128
Bashori, B., & Aprima, S. G. (2019). Analisis kebijakan program wajib belajar 12 tahun di provinsi Lampung. PRODU: Prokurasi Edukasi Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.15548/p-prokurasi.v1i1.3324
Bekkouche, Y., & Dupraz, Y. (2023). Colonial origins and quality of education evidence from cameroon. World Development, 170, 106245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106245
Bindamnan, A. (2023). Book review. International Journal of Educational Development, 96, 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102711
Binsar. (2019). Dinas pendidikan Kabupaten Kupang akan merelokasi sekolah yang kekurangan siswa. Https://Inakoran.Com.
BPS. (2021). Statistik Indonesia 2021. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2021/02/26/938316574c78772f27e9b477/statistik-indonesia-2021.html
BPS. (2023). Statistik Indonesia 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/18018f9896f09f03580a614b/statistik-indonesia-2023.html
Brooks, C. (2021). Quality at scale: Strategies for large-scale initial teacher education programmes. Teaching and Teacher Education, 107, 103490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103490
Elyasa. (2016). Evaluasi implementasi kebijakan program wajib belajar 12 tahun di kota depok jawa barat (Studi Kasus Pada Jenjang Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri). Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 7(2), 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.v7i2.1856
Fadillah, E. N. (2019). Pelaksanaan program wajib belajar 12 tahun di Desa Sidoharjo, Kecamatan Jambon, Kabupaten Ponorogo [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]- Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo. Electronic Theses of IAIN Ponorogo. http://etheses.iainponorogo.ac.id/id/eprint/6764
Fatah, A., Suhaili, M., & Farida, I. (2021). Analisis indikator pendidikan: Partisipasi pendidikan di Indonesia periode 1994-2018. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 7(3), 555. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v7i3.3516
Fitriyah, N. (2021). Kajian rencana induk dan arah strategi pemajuan kabudayaan Kabupaten Mahakam Ulu. Unit Layanan Strategis (ULS2C)Universitas Mulawarman, 1(201310200311137), 1–70.
Garira, E. (2020). Needs assessment for the development of educational interventions to improve quality of education: A case of Zimbabwean primary schools. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 2(1), 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100020
Handayani, T. (2012). Menyongsong kebijakan pendidikan menengah universal: Pembelajaran dari implementasi wajar dikdas 9 tahun. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 7(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v7i1.82
Hardiasanti, M., & Trihantoyo, S. (2021). Implementasi wajib belajar di daerah terdepan, terluar dan tertinggal. Jurnal Inspirasi Manajemen Pendidikan, 09(05), 1064–1077.
Hasanah, Y. M., & Jabar, C. S. A. (2017). Evaluasi program wajib belajar 12 tahun pemerintah daerah Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 5(2), 228. https://doi.org/10.21831/amp.v5i2.8546
Hendrikus, R. (2022). Peduli pendidikan di Kabupaten Kupang, Bank NTT serahkan CSR Rp 300 Juta.https://www.katantt.com/artikel/46258/peduli-pendidikan-di-kabupaten-kupang-bank-ntt-serahkan-csr-rp-300-juta-/
Hidayat, R., & Abdillah. (2019). Ilmu pendidikan: Konsep, teori dan aplikasinya (C. Wijaya & Amiruddin (eds.); Pertama). Lembaga Peduli Pengembangan Pendidikan Indonesia (LPPPI).
Hutchins, H., Abercrombie, J., & Lipton, C. (2023). Promotion of early childhood development and mental health in quality rating and improvement systems for early care and education: A review of state quality indicators. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 64(March), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.03.006
Kabar Independen. (2023). 26 Sekolah di Kabupaten Kupang tidak terima dana BOS, terbanyak sekolah GMIT. https://kabar-independen.com/pendidikan/26-sekolah-di-kabupaten-kupang-tidak-terima-dana-bos-terbanyak-sekolah-gmit/
Khairunnisa, & Tinus, A. (2018). Implementasi kebijakan wajib belajar 12 tahun di kabupaten kolaka. Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 6(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.22219/jkpp.v6i1.11528
Lestari, F. A., & Rahim, M. (2019). Implementasi kebijakan pendidikan dalam program bantuan operasional sekolah. 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30863/mappesona.v2i1.1809
Maharani, W. M., &. S. (2016). Kebijakan pendidikan gratis bagi masyarakat kota blitar (Studi implementasi program rintisan wajib belajar 12 tahun berdasarkan Peraturan Walikota Blitar Nomor: 8 Tahun 2015). Publisia: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v1i2.441
Mbuhang, L. N. (2023). Terkait pembangunan gedung 4 SMP di Kabupaten Kupang, kadis pendidikan minta bersabar. https://www.wartatimor.com/sosial-pendidikan/9317798327/terkait-pembangunan-gedung-4-smp-di-kabupaten-kupang-kadis-pendidikan-minta-bersabar
Mirasol, J. M., Belderol Necosia, J. V., Bicar, B. B., & Garcia, H. P. (2021). Statutory policy analysis on access to Philippine quality basic education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2(November), 100093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100093
Nazaruddin. (2017). Implementasi kebijakan wajib belajar 12 tahun. jurnal demokrasi & otonomi daerah, 15(1), 55–60.
Ndoen, F. (2022). Di Kabupaten Kupang kadis pendidikan sebut banyak gedung sekolah dengan kondisi gedung darurat. Https://Kupang.Tribunnews.Com.
Puspita, I. R., Noor, H. M., & Erawan, E. (2020). Pendidikan dan kebudayaan provinsi Kalimantan Timur dalam meningkatkan kualitas guru sekolah menengah kejuruan (Smk). Jurnal Administrasi 8(1), 8916–8927. https://ejournal.ap.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/EJOURNAL B (02-27-20-05-17-06).pdf
Putera, M. T. Fi., & Rhussary, M. L. (2018). Peningkatan mutu pendidikan daerah 3T. Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen, 12(2), 144–149.
Putera, M. T., & Rhussary, M. L. (2018). (Terdepan, Terpencil Dan Tertinggal) Di Kabupaten. Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 12, 144–148. https://journals.umkt.ac.id/index.php/JEM/article/view/119
Putri, D. A. (2019). Evaluasi Kebijakan Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun di Dinas Pendidikan Kota Bekasi. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.
Reza, V., Snapp, P., Dalam, E., Di, I. M. A., Socialization, A., Cadger, O. F., To, M., Cadger, S., Programpadang, R., Hukum, F., Hatta, U. B. U. B., Sipil, F. T., Hatta, U. B. U. B., Danilo Gomes de Arruda, Bustamam, N., Suryani, S., Nasution, M. S., Prayitno, B., Roi Bussiness Law Binus, 7(2), 33–48. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/11375/1/PERPUS PUSAT.pdf%0Ahttp://business-law.binus.ac.id/2015/10/08/pariwisata-syariah/%0Ahttps://www.ptonline.com/articles/how-to-get-better-mfi-results%0Ahttps://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/kiat/article/view/8839
Sadya, S. (2022). Angka putus sekolah di Indonesia meningkat pada 2022. Dataindonesia.Id. Sariguna Johnson Kennedy, P., Josephine Tobing, S. L., Toruan, R. L., Tampubolon, E., & Nomleni, A. (2019). Isu strategis kesenjangan pendidikan di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan FKIP, 2(1), 619–629. https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/psnp/article/viewFile/5733/4115
Seehawer, M., & Breidlid, A. (2021). Dialogue between epistemologies as quality education. Integrating knowledges in Sub-Saharan African classrooms to foster sustainability learning and contextually relevant education. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 4(1), 100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100200
Serrano Rodríguez, R., Pérez Gracia, E., Puño-Quispe, L., & Hurtado Mazeyra, A. (2023). Quality and equity in the Peruvian education system: Do they progress similarly? International Journal of Educational Research, 119(March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102183
Tahun, W. B., Kabupaten, K., Jk, K., & Masyarakat, P. E. (n.d.). TENTANG.
Tapehen, R. (2022). Gedung darurat SD Negeri Nunka Ponain Kabupaten Kupang memprihatinkan. Https://Kupang.Tribunnews.Com.
Teig, N., & Nilsen, T. (2022). Profiles of instructional quality in primary and secondary education: Patterns, predictors, and relations to student achievement and motivation in science. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 74(May), 101170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101170
Ubaid, A., Sarifudin, A., Ilmu, F., Uin, K., & Fatah, R. (2016). Kontribusi dana bos terhadap siswa miskin di lima sekolah swasta di Kecamatan Cakung Jakarta Timur. El-Idare: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 121–140.
Wicaksana, A., & Rachman, T. (2018). Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952., 3(1), 10–27. https://medium.com/@arifwicaksanaa/pengertian-use-case-a7e576e1b6bf
Zhang, Y., Qin, F., & Liu, J. (2019). Improving education equality and quality: Evidence from a natural experiment in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 70(June), 102078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102078
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Malaysian Journal of Islamic Development

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.