Cabaran Pelaksanaan Program Pemulihan Akhlak dalam Kalangan Pelatih Remaja di Pusat Pemulihan Akhlak di Malaysia (Challenges in the Implementation of Moral Rehabilitation Programmes among Adolescent Trainees in Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia)

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Pusat pemulihan akhlak memainkan peranan penting dalam menyediakan intervensi melalui pendekatan pendidikan, penjagaan, perlindungan, psikososial dan psikospiritual. Namun demikian, pelaksanaan program pemulihan berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran yang boleh mempengaruhi keberkesanan dan kesinambungan proses perubahan pelatih. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan menghuraikan cabaran pelaksanaan program pemulihan akhlak dalam kalangan pelatih remaja di pusat pemulihan terpilih di Malaysia berdasarkan perspektif pelaksana program. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan reka bentuk kajian kes pelbagai lokasi. Data dikumpulkan melalui temu bual separa struktur melibatkan tujuh orang informan yang terdiri daripada tenaga pengajar, pengurus, pengetua, pegawai psikologi, penolong pegawai pembangunan masyarakat dan pembantu pegawai latihan yang terlibat secara langsung dalam pelaksanaan program pemulihan. Data temu bual ditranskripsikan secara verbatim dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian menghasilkan tiga tema utama, iaitu (i) cabaran pengurusan pusat dan kakitangan, (ii) cabaran penglibatan ibu bapa dan keluarga, dan (iii) cabaran berkaitan diri pelatih. Cabaran pengurusan merangkumi aspek pengurusan kakitangan, kawalan emosi, keyakinan diri, akses kepada perkhidmatan psikologi dan pemantauan perubahan pelatih. Cabaran keluarga pula melibatkan penerimaan, kerjasama, komunikasi dan sokongan keluarga, manakala cabaran diri pelatih berkaitan dengan sikap, kesediaan untuk berubah serta pengalaman yang ditafsirkan oleh informan melalui kerangka spiritual. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa pemulihan akhlak remaja perlu dilihat sebagai suatu ekosistem intervensi yang menghubungkan institusi, keluarga dan pelatih, bukan sebagai proses perubahan individu semata-mata. Usaha mendepani cabaran perlu diusahakan agar sahsiah dan tingkah laku pelatih remaja ini dapat kembali berfungsi secara positif dalam masyarakat.

ABSTRACT

Moral rehabilitation centres play an important role in providing interventions through educational, care, protection, psychosocial, and psychospiritual approaches. However, the implementation of rehabilitation programmes faces various challenges that may affect the effectiveness and sustainability of trainees’ behavioural change. Therefore, this study aims to identify and describe the challenges in implementing moral rehabilitation programmes among adolescent trainees in selected rehabilitation centres in Malaysia from the perspective of programme implementers. This study employed a qualitative approach using a multiple-site case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving seven informants, comprising an instructor, a manager, principals, a psychologist, an assistant community development officer, and an assistant training officer who were directly involved in the implementation of rehabilitation programmes. The interview data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed three main themes: (i) challenges related to centre management and staff, (ii) challenges related to parental and family involvement, and (iii) challenges related to the trainees themselves. Management-related challenges encompassed staff management, emotional regulation, self-confidence, access to psychological services, and the monitoring of trainees’ progress. Family-related challenges involved parental acceptance, cooperation, communication, and family support, while trainee-related challenges concerned attitudes, readiness to change, and experiences interpreted by the informants within a spiritual framework. The findings indicate that adolescent moral rehabilitation should be understood as an intervention ecosystem that connects rehabilitation institutions, families, and trainees rather than merely as an individual process of change. Therefore, concerted efforts are required to address these challenges to support the development of positive character and behaviour among adolescent trainees and facilitate their successful reintegration into society.