Combating Drug and Substance Abuse Among ‘Private High School’ Learners in Waterfalls District, Harare, Zimbabwe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/jps2024.27.3Keywords:
Combatting, drug and substance abuse, students, qualitative, semi-structured interviewsAbstract
The study investigates the causes of drug and substance abuse and proffers workable solutions to overcome the challenge within the
private high school environment in Zimbabwe. The researchers used a qualitative research design and data collection method in the form of semi-structured interviews. The participants of this study involved five private high school learners, three private high school teachers and two headmasters from Waterfalls, Harare, Zimbabwe. Data was thematically analyzed. The study established that private high school administrations are neglecting the fundamental pillars of education, thereby compromising the standard of moral fiber in learners. Nonprocedural enrollment policies, lack of weekend and holiday rest and no sporting activities were established as the key causal factors of drug and substance abuse among learners in private high schools. The study concludes that the unconducive learning environment in private high schools in Zimbabwe is fertile ground for learners to succumb to drug and substance abuse usage. Whereas on the contrary, learners should have time to relax, play sports, and engage in creative activities. Therefore, this study recommends the enforcement of standardized healthy living principles of practice in private high schools in Zimbabwe.
Downloads
References
Abduh, M. Y. M. (2021). Full-time online assessment during COVID-19 lockdown: EFL teachers’ perceptions. Asian EFL Journal, 28(1.1), 26-46.
Abdulkarim. A. (2015). Substance Abuse use among Adolescents. Ilorin: Nigeria.
Adam. J. (2013). Understanding adolescence: Current development in adolescent psychology. Allyn and Bacon, USA.
Andrews, J. H., Cho, E., Tugendrajch, S. K., Marriott, B. R., Hawley, K. M. (2020). Evidence-based assessment tools for common mental health problems: A practical guide for school settings. Child Sch. 42(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdz024
Askew, R., Griffiths, B., & Bone, M. (2022). The importance of PEOPLE who use drugs within drug policy reform debates: Findings from the UK Drug Policy Voices online survey. International Journal of Drug Policy, 105, 103711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103711
Association of South East Asian Nations, ASEAN. (2022) Drug monitoring report. https://asean.org
Baena, B. C., Meneses, C., Caperos, J. M., Prieto, M., & Uroz, J. (2019). The role religion and religiosity in alcohol consumption in adolescents in Spain. Journal of religion and health, 58(5), 1477-1487.
Bogan, C., Jennings, L., Haynes, L., Barth, K., Moreland, A., Oros, M., & Brady, K. (2020). Implementation of emergency department–initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in a rural southern state. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 112, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.02.007
Borg. W., & Gall, M. (2019). Educational Research. New York, NY: Longman.
Chesang, F. K. (2013). Drug abuse among the youth in Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(6).
Child Trends. (2020). Participation in school athletics. https://www. childtrends.org/indicators/participation-inschool-athletics
Dawson, K. S., Watts, S., Carswell, K., Shehadeh, M. H., Jordans, M. J., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2019). Improving access to evidence-based interventions for young adolescents: Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE). World Psychiatry, 18(1), 105-107.
Denche-Zamorano, A., Pinilla, N., Arroyo, C, G. (2023). Differences in self-concept and its dimensions in students of the third cycle of primary school, obligatory secondary education, and baccalaureate. Heathcare, 11 (987).
Edinyang W, (2016). Student friendly teaching and learning environment: Experiences from technical vocational educational training schools in Nepal. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0096.
Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (2019). Modern control theory and the limits of criminal justice. Oxford University Press.
Jessor. J. (2017). Problems behaviour and psychological development. Academic Press.
Heward-Mills, N. L., Atuhaire, C., Spoors, C., Pemunta, N. V., Priebe, G., & Cumber, S. N. (2018). The role of faith leaders in influencing health behaviour: A qualitative exploration on the views of Black African Christians in Leeds, United Kingdom. Pan African Medical Journal, 30(1). https://www.ajol.info/ index.php/pamj/article/view/209768
Hirschi, T. (2002). Causes of delinquency. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
Horwitz, A. V. (2020). Creating mental illness. University of Chicago Press.
Hosseini, S. H., Rafiei, A., Gaemian, A., Tirgari, A., Zakavi, A., Yazdani, J., & Vaezzadeh, N. (2017). Comparison of the effects of religious cognitive behavioural therapy (RCBT), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and sertraline on depression and anxiety in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 12(3), 206.
Hughes, T. B., Varma, V. R., Pettigrew, C., & Albert, M. S. (2017). African Americans and clinical research: Evidence concerning barriers and facilitators to participation and recruitment recommendations. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 348-358.
Idnani, D., Kubadia, A., Jain, Y., & Churi, P. P. (2021). Experience of conducting online test during COVID-19 lockdown: A case study of NMIMS University. Int. J. Eng. Pedagog., 11(1), 49-63.
International Society of Addiction Medicines (2024). ISAM Conference 2021. http://www.isamweb.com
Jakaza, T. N., & Nyoni, C. (2018). Emerging dynamics of substance abuse among Street children in Zimbabwe. A case of Harare Central Business District. African Journal of Social Work, 8(2), 63-70
Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2019). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute for Social Research.
Kaluwe, N. (2019). An assessment of the effects of drug abuse on pupils’ academic performance. A case study of one of the primary schools in Windhoek, Namibia. Masters Dissertation submitted to Cavendish University Zambia.
Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Vilsaint, C., Hoffman, L. A., Jason, L. A., Stout, R. L.,... & Hoeppner, B. B. (2020). New kid on the block: An investigation of the physical, operational, personnel and service characteristics of recovery community centres in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 111, 1-10.
Makande, N. A. (2017). The effectiveness of the Zimbabwe Republic Police Criminal Investigation Department in curbing drug abuse among youths in Zimbabwe: A case of Mbare. http://ir.msu.ac.zw
Malta, J. S., Silveira, L. P., Drummond, P. L. D. M., Costa, N. L., Santos, R. M. M. D., Reis, I. A.,... & Pádua, C. A. M. D. (2021). Validity and reliability of the QLQ-MY20 module for assessing the health-related quality of life in Brazilians with multiple myeloma. Current Medical Research and Opinion, (just accepted), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2021.1 929136
Maraire. T., & Chethiyar, S. D. M., & Jasni, M. A. D. (2020). A general review of Zimbabwe’s response to drug and substance abuse by the youth. People. International Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2).
Marandure, B. N. (2023). Understanding the nature of substance use in Zimbabwe: State of the art and ways forward: A scoping view protocol. Plos One 18(3), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0272240
Masiye, I. (2016). Drug and alcohol abuse prevention education in selected secondary schools in Zambia. A Thesis submitted to the University of Zambia.
Masiye, I., & Ndhlovu, D. (2016). Drug and alcohol abuse prevention education in selected secondary schools in Zambia; Policy guidelines used. Lusaka; University of Zambia Press.
Matunhu, J., & Matunhu, V. (2016). Drugs and drug control in Zimbabwe. In Pan, African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control (pp. 155-178). Routledge.
Matutu, V., & Mususa, D. (2019). Drug and alcohol abuse among young people in Zimbabwe: A crisis of morality or public health problem. Available at SSRN 3489954.
Mazuru, N. (2018). Zimbabwean Youths and the Insecurities from “Bronco” Abuse. Rethinking Securities in an Emergent Techno scientific New World Order: Retracing the Contours for Africa’s Hi-jacked Futures, 297. https://books.google.com.my
McGuine. T. A., Biese, K, Hetzel., S. J. (2021). Changes in the health of adolescent athletes: A comparison of health measures collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Athl Train, 56(8), 836–844. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0739.20
Muchena, P., & Makotamo, J. (2017). Drug misuse among high school candidates in mutare urban and peri manicaland province, Zimbabwe. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 7(3), 63-72.
Mukwenha, S., Murewanhema, G., Madziva, R., Dzinamarira, T., Herrera, H., & Musuka, G. (2022). Increased illicit substance use among Zimbabwean adolescents and youths during the COVID-19 era: An impending public health disaster. http://hdl. handle.net/2263/83118
Nabayi, M (2014). The significance of social learning theories in the teaching of secondary school education. American Journal of Public Health 91(4), 604–610
National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics. (2023). Retrieved from https//en.m.wikipedia.org
Ngesu, L. M., Ndiku, J., Masese, A. (2008). Drug dependence and abuse in Kenya secondary schools: Strategies for intervention. Academic Journal of Education 7(45), 304-308
Ondieki, A. G., & Mokua, O. Z. (2012). The preconditioning factors to drug use and abuse among secondary school adolescents in Kiamokma Division, Kisii County. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 3(4), 465-470.
Peyman, N., Rezai-Rad, M., Tehrani, H., Gholian-Aval, M., Vahedian-Shahroodi, M., & Miri, H. H. (2018). Digital Media-based Health Intervention on the promotion of Women’s physical activity: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-7. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com
Sarasmita, M. A., Larasanty, L. P. F., Kuo, L. N., Cheng, K. J., & Chen, H. Y. (2021). A Computer-based interactive narrative and a serious game for children with asthma: Development and content validity analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(9), e28796. https://www.jmir.org/2021/9/e28796/
Saunyama, J. (2021). A comparative study of parental involvement of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents for ordinary level learners: A case of Mbare-Hatfield district, Harare, Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation). http://scholar.solusi.ac.zw
Shibalika M. (2021). Causes and effects of drug abuse among primary school learners in Shibuyunji district, Zambiaunza. http://www. ijmra.in/
Smith, T., Panfil, K., Bailey, C., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2019). Cognitive and behaviour Training interventions to promote self-control. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 45(3), 259.
Steele, Dale W., Sara J. Becker, Kristin J. Danko, Ethan M. Balk, Gaelen P. Adam, Ian J. Saldanha, & Thomas A. Trikalinos. (2023). Brief behavioural interventions for substance use in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. https://www. publications.aap.org/paediatrics
Sullivan, C. J., & Childs, K. K. (2021). Juvenile risk and needs assessment: Theory, research, policy, and practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367823122
Tancred, T., Paparini, S., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Thomas, J., Fletcher, A., Campbell, R., & Bonell, C. (2018). A systematic review and synthesis of theories of change of school-based interventions integrating health and academic education as a novel means of preventing violence and substance use among students. Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 1-22.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023). UNODC on drugs and crime statistics. Retrieved from https//www.unodc.org
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024). Lesson learned in drug prevention: A global overview, London: The Mentor Foundation. http://mentor foundation www. org (Retrieved 18/ 9/Public Safety Canada “School-based Drug Abuse Prevention
Valkenborghs, S. R., Noetel, M., Hillman, C. H. (2018) The impact of physical activity on brain structure and function in youth: A systematic review. Pediatrics. 2019; 144(4), e20184032. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-4032
World Health Organisation Africa, Zimbabwe. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/news/zimbabwe-holds-stakeholders-workshop-treatment-
World Health Organisation. (2022). Drugs (psychoactive). Retrieved from https//www.who.int.
World Health Organisation. (2024). Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization. https://www. who.int/mental_health/
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2022). Retrieved from http://www.zimstat.co.zw/






4.png)



