A comparative study of Pakistani and British press regarding the framing of Afghanistan war 2001
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/jgd2014.10.1.2Kata kunci:
media frames, British and Pakistani press, war on terror, Afghanistan attack 2001Abstrak
This study analyzed how Afghanistan war 2001 was framed by Pakistani and British press. What frames were employed by the newspapers of these two countries in the reporting of Afghanistan attack. For this purpose four newspapers were chosen from Britian and Pakistan namely The Dawn, The Nation, The Independent and The Guardian. The editorilas of these newspapers were analysed by employing the technique of thematic analysis. By analysing the data, it was found that Pakistani and British press mostly framed the coverage of Afghanistan war in a negative stance but at certain points Britsh press adopted positive or neutral stance. Anti war frame was dominnently employed by Pakistani newspapers but humanitrian and rebuilding frames were also observed. Likewise, Britsh press mostly covered Afghanistan under anti war frame but at some points pro war frame was also observed. Overall, it was noted that Pakistani press was more dominated by opposotional and critical themes than British newspapers.
Rujukan
Abbas, H. (2005). Pakistan’s drift into extremism: Allah, the army and America’s war on terror. New Delhi: Pentagon Press.
Ahmad, I.M., Mahsud, N.M., & Ishtiaq, T. (2011). Pakistani press and war against terrorism in democratic era. Berkeley Journal of Social Science, 1(5).
Ayisha, M.I. (2002). Political communication on Arab World Television: Evolving pattern. Political Communication, 19, 137-154.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. London: Sage Publications.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. ISSN 1478-0887
Bram, J., Orr, J., & Rapaport, C. (2002). Measuring the Effects of the September 11 Attack on New York City. FRBNY Economic Policy Review, (November), 5-20.
Bush, W. (2001). Remarks by the president in photo opportunity with the national security team. Retrieved 12 September 2001, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010912-4.html.
Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Clair, R.P. (1993). The use of framing devices to sequester organizational narratives: Hegemony and harassment. Communication Monographs, 60 (June), 113-136.
Cresswell, J.W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
De Vreese, H. C. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal + Document Design, 13(1), 51–62
Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6–27.
Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House’s frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20, 415–432.
Franks, T. (2003). Not war reporting – just reporting. British Journalism Review, 14(2), 15-19. Retrieved from http://www. bjr.org.uk/data/2003/no2_franks.htm.
Fishman, M. (1980). Manufacturing the news.Austin: University of Texas Press.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Haes, J.W.H. (2003). September 11 in Germany and the United States: Reporting, reception, and interpretation. In A.M. Noll (ed.), Crisis communications: Lessons from September 11. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hammond, P. (2003). The Media War on ierrorism. Journal for Crime,Conflict and the Media, 1(1), 23-36.
Jamieson, H. K., & Waldman, P. (2003). The press effect: Politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world. New York: Oxford University Press,
Kennedy, P. (2001, September 16). The genie is out of the bottle. The Independent. Retrieved from http.//agument.indepdendent. co.uk/commentators/story.jsp?story-94233.
Kellner, D., (2004). Media propaganda and spectacles in the war on Iraq: A critique of U.S. broadcasting networks. Cultural studies, Critical Methodologies, 4(3), 329-338.
Khan, M. A. & Imran, F. (2011). Treatment of Pakistani elite press about government activities against war on terror: A media conformity approach. European Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 331-341.
Khan, M. A. & Safdar, A. (2010). Image of U.S. in Pakistani elite newspaper editorials after 9/11 incident: A comparative study of the Dawn and Nawa-i-Waqt. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30(2), 325-339.
Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1), 73–103.
Kronstadt, A. K. (2004). Terrorism in South Asia. CRS Report for Congress, December 13, 2004.
Levenson, J. (2004). The war on what, exactly? Why the press must be precise. Columbia Journalism Review, 43(4), 9-11.
MacArthur, J. R. (2003). The lies we bought: The unchallenged ‘‘Evidence’’ for War. Columbia Journalism Review May/ June, 62–3. Reterieved from http://www.cjr.org/year/03/3/ macarthur.asp on 31 May 2003.
Malik, H. (2008). US Relations with Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marsh, S. (2003). September 11 and Anglo-American Relations: Reaffirming the special relationship. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, (1), 56-75.
McNair, B. (2010). UK media coverage of September 11. Journal of Media Sociology, 2(1-4), 29-37.
McQueen, D. (2010). Panorama’s coverage of 9-11 and the war on terror. In Political Studies Association (PSA) Conference: Sixty Years of Political Studies: Achievements and Futures, 29 March-1April 2010, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
Nelson, J. S., & Boynton, G. R. (1997). Video rhetorics: Televised advertising in American politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Papacharissi, Z., & Oliveria, F. M. (2008). Analysis of frames employed in terrorism coverage in U.S. and U.K. Newspapers. Press/Politics, 13(1), 52-74.
Popping, R. (2000). Computer-assisted text analysis. London: Sage.
Rana, M. A., & Gunaratna, R. (2007). Al-Qaeda fights back inside Pakistani Tribal Areas. Pakistan institute for peace studies, Islamabad.
Rashid, A. (2008). Decent into chaos. New York: Penguin Group.
Reese, D. S. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57 (1), 148-54.
Reynolds, A., & Barnett, B. (2003). America under attack: CNN’s verbal and visual framing of September 1. In S. Chermak, F. Bailey & M. Brown (Eds.), Media representations of September 11th (pp. 85-102). New York: Praeger.
Rice, P., & Ezzy, D. (1999). Qualitative research methods: A health focus. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, P., Goddard, P., Parry, K., & Murray, C. (2009) Testing models of media performance in Wartime: U.K. TV News and the2003 Invasion of Iraq. Journal of Communication, 59(3), 534–563.doi:10.1111/j.1460 2466. 2009. 01435.x
Rose, L. (2002).U.S bombing of Afghanistan not justified as self defense under international law. 59 Guild Practitioner, 65, 65-75.
Ryan, M. (2004). Framing the war against terrorism: US Newspaper editorials and military action in Afghanistan. Gazette, 66(5), 363-82.
Shah, H. (2010). The inside pages: An analysis of the Pakistani Press: The Tongue-tied Press of Pakistan: Comparing English and Urdu Newspapers. The Center for Strategic and International Studies.Reterieved February 24, 2012, from http://www. pdfdetective.com/pdf/the-inside-pages-an-analysis-of-the pakistani-press-34817.html.
Shank, G. (2002). Qualitative research. A personal skills aproach. New Jersey: Merril Prentice Hall.
Singh, R. (2003). Covering September 11 and its consequences: A comparative study of the press in America, India and Pakistan. In N. Palmer (ed.), Terrorism, war, and the press, (pp. 27-43). Hollis, NH: Hollis Publishing Company.
Snauwaert, T. D. (2004). The Bush Doctrine and Just War Theory. OJPCR: The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, 6(1), 121-135.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Susan, F. (2004). A mediated reality of September 11th and the “War on Terrorism”: America portrayed in the independent. The Language and Social Interaction Division, AEJMC Annual Convention. New Orleans, LA.
Terradellas, V. (2008). Pakistan: Light at the end of the tunnel. Catalan International View, 2 (autumn), 44-46.
The Independent (2001). This evidence would not convict in court - But it does justify a limited war. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database on 5th October, 2001.
The Independent (2001). Fools rush in. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic databaseon 14 November, 2001.
The Layalina Review. (2011). Pakistan-US Relations strained by media. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from http://www.layalina.tv/ Publications/Review/PR_VII.20/article1.html.
The Guardian (2001). Britain’s loyalty test: Multicultural values must be defended. Retrieved 02 November, 2001, from LexisNexis Academic database on.
The Guardian (2001). Listening time for Bush: He must heed the advice of friends. Retrieved 23rd November, 2001, from LexisNexis Academic database on.
The Nation (2001). Pak troop deployment. Retrieved 11th December, 2001, from LexisNexis Academic database on.
Zhang, J. (2007). Beyond anti-terrorism: Metaphors as message strategy of post-September-11 U.S. public diplomacy. Public Relations Review, 33(1), 31–39.
Muat turun
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bahagian
Cara Memetik
##plugins.generic.citations.panel.title##
##plugins.generic.citations.panel.harvested## 2026-09-08##plugins.generic.citations.panel.body##
- OpenAlex 1 ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.view##
- OpenCitations 0 ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.view##
- Crossref 0 ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.view##
- Google Scholar ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.noApi## ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.search##
- Dimensions ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.noApi## ##plugins.generic.citations.panel.search##










