Kemiskinan Pelgabai Dimensi Berwajaran
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/jes2020.2.1.1Kata kunci:
kemiskinan, kemiskinan pelbagai dimensi, wajaran, head count ratio, dan purata jurang kemiskinanAbstrak
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) adalah satu indeks pelbagai dimensi yang mengukur kemiskinan. Berdasarkan MPI, insiden kekurangan yang dialami oleh manusia dan pengalaman manusia yang hidup dalam kemiskinan pada suatu masa dapat dikenal pasti. Hasilnya, satu gambaran yang komprehensif mengenai taraf hidup penduduk yang miskin dengan melihat perbandingan antara negara, wilayah, kumpulan etnik, kawasan bandar dan luar bandar ciri-ciri isi rumah, dan masyarakat dapat dibuat. MPI merupakan indeks yang menggantikan Human Poverty Index (HPI) yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1997 (Human Development Report, 2010). Pada Julai 2010, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) dan United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) telah melancarkan satu ukuran kemiskinan yang baharu iaitu ukuran kemiskinan “pelbagai dimensiâ€. Ia dikatakan dapat membantu pembangunan sumber sasaran dengan lebih berkesan (Human Development Report, 2010). Berdasarkan MPI ini, dua output akan terhasil iaitu (1) Headcount Ratio (H), iaitu peratus isi rumah yang miskin yang diperolehi dengan membahagikan jumlah isi rumah yang miskin dengan jumlah semua isi rumah; dan (2) Purata jurang kemiskinan (A), iaitu purata bilangan kekurangan yang dihadapi oleh mereka yang miskin. Purata ini dikira dengan menjumlahkan nisbah kekurangan yang dihadapi oleh setiap orang yang miskin dan dibahagikan dengan jumlah orang yang miskin. Dalam MPI, setiap dimensi boleh diberikan wajaran yang sama atau wajaran yang berbeza bergantung kepada pertimbangan nilai penyelidik. Pengiraan MPI berwajaran ini dapat memberikan keputusan kadar kemiskinanan yang lebih tepat kerana ia mengambil kira bahawa kepentingan satu-satu dimensi ke atas kadar kemiskinan adalah berbeza.
Received 15 Sept 19. Revised 1 Oct 19. Accepted 4 Oct 19 .
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