Linking Corporate Trust, Corporate Image, and Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Perceived Deception

Authors

  • Muhammad Sufyan Ramish Faculty of Applied & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  • Junaid Ansari Management & HRM Department, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
  • Ummi Naiemah Saraih Faculty of Applied & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  • Julianawati Suanda Faculty of Applied & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  • Shiraz Ahmed Management & HRM Department, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms2024.31.2.4

Keywords:

Perceived deception, customer loyalty, corporate image, trust, brand recall

Abstract

Deceptive advertisement is a primary factor affecting customer loyalty because when people do not receive what they expect from advertisements, they tend to avoid using those brands. Although past researches have addressed the perceived deception in advertisements and its impact on customer loyalty, there is a lack of studies focusing on the mediating role of corporate trust, corporate image, and perceived deception in relation to customer loyalty. Household consumers were chosen as the target population due to their exposure to advertisements. A sample of 250 individuals participated in this study. Smart PLS was used for data analysis. This study confirms that perceived deception, corporate trust and corporate image play a significant mediating role in establishing customer loyalty. The findings of this study can assist marketers in developing new designs and strategies that do not mislead customers. It will also help marketers to identify the factors that should be considered when designing advertisements.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity. The Free Press.

Abbasi, A. S., Akhter, W., & Umar, S. (2011). Ethical issues in advertising in Pakistan: An Islamic perspective. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(3), 444-452.

Abdulbaqi, H. M. M. (2020). Impact of deceptive advertising on consumer buying decision on social media with mediating word of mouth: An empirical study from University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Economic, Administrative and Legal Sciences, 4(7), 159-182.

Abdullah, A. (2015). A structural model of the relationships between brand image, brand trust and brand loyalty. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 5(3), 137-145.

Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163

Abt, J. M. (2017a). The impact of necessity on consumer behavior (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University.

Abt, J. M. (2017b). The impact of necessity on consumer behavior. Temple University.

Afzal, H., Batool, N., Hussain, S., & Hussain, N. (2021). An empirical investigation of factors that impede the purchase of packaged milk in Pakistan. NICE Research Journal, 14(3), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.vi.321

Ahmed, S. (2016). Impact of advertising on consumers’ buying behavior through persuasiveness, brand image, and celebrity endorsement. Global Media Journal, 6(2), 1-9.

Ailawadi, K. L., & Keller, K. L. (2004). Understanding retail branding: Conceptual insights and research priorities. Journal of Retailing, 80(4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2004.10.008

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.

Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M., Atomic, I., Agency, E., Federal, T., & Commission, T. (1980). Theory of reasoned action/theory of planned behavior. Social Psychology, 67-98. http://hsc.usf. edu/~kmbrown/TRA_TPB.htm

Akın, E. (2012). Are all loyal customers conscious? An empirical study on customer loyalty. European Scientific Journal, 8(12), 206-234.

Ali, H. Y., Danish, R. Q., & Asrar-ul-Haq, M. (2020). How corporate social responsibility boosts firm financial performance: The mediating role of corporate image and customer satisfaction. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1781

Al Qaysi, S. J., & Zahari, A. R. (2022). The effect of deceptive brand image on consumer purchase intention: Empirical evidence from Iraqi Market. Journal of Asian Finance, 9(6), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2022.vol9.no6.0207

Ansari, J. (2020). Measuring religion-spiritual insights that influence attitude towards advertising during religious festivals. Institute of Business Management.

Ansari, J., Saraih, U. N., Azmin, A. A., & Ramish, M. S. (2022). Consumers’ religio-spiritual insights in Ramadhan advertisements. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 12(2), 101-114.

Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research? Qualitative Sociology, 42, 139-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7

Awan, A. G., Ismail, M., Majeed, F., & Ghazal, F. (2016). Effects of advertisement on consumer’s buying behaviour with references to FMCGs in Southern Punjab-Pakistan. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research Journal, 19(2015), 22-30.

Azam, M., & Abbas, H. W. (2018). The impact of consumer’s psychographic traits on pre-purchase cognitive dissonance: The mediating role of perceived deception (pg. 165–176). In proceeding İzmir International Congress on Economics and Administrative Sciences,

Balakrishnan, B. K., Dousin, O., Shazneem, A., & Shuaib, M. (2012). The impact of brand placement and recall in movies on brand preference, loyalty and intentions to purchase among young adults: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 5(2), 39-52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265787124

Bari, A., & Abbas, R. Z. (2011). Advertisement and Islam: A Muslim world perspective. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(6), 152-157. https://doi.org/10.52283/ nswrca.ajbmr.20110106a16

Boudewyns, V., Betts, K. R., Johnson, M., Paquin, R. S., O’Donoghue, A. C., & Southwell, B. G. (2021). Experimental evidence of consumer and physician detection and rejection of misleading prescription drug website content. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(4), 733–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAPHARM.2020.06.019

Bryman & Bell. (2012). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Buil, I., Martínez, E., & de Chernatony, L. (2013). The influence of brand equity on consumer responses. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(1), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761311290849

Carson, T. L. (2010). Lying and deception: Theory and practice. OUP Oxford.

Chaouachi, S. G., & Rached, K. S. Benrached, K. S. (2019). Perceived deception in advertising: Antecedents and consequences. European Journal of Management and Marketing, 3(4), 123-143. http://www.oapub.org/soc

Chaouachi, S., & Rached, K. (2012). Perceived deception in advertising: Proposition of a measurement scale. Journal of Marketing Research and Case Studies, (February), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5171/2012.712622

Cheng, B. L., & Rashid, M. Z. A. (2013). Service quality and the mediating effect of corporate image on the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the Malaysian hotel industry. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 15(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5474

Cheng, S.-I. (2011). Comparisons of competing models between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(10), 149-166.

Davtyan, D., Stewart, K., & Cunningham, I. (2016). Comparing brand placements and advertisements on brand recall and recognition. Journal of Advertising Research, 56(3), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2016-036

Fang, Y. H., & Li, C. Y. (2014). Perceived deception in online auctions: Antecedents and consequences. Human Systems Management, 33(4), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-140814

Garbarino, E., & Johnson, M. S. (1999). The different roles of satisfaction, trust, and commitment in customer relationships. Journal of Marketing, 63(2), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251946

Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least square (PLS-SEM). www. statisticalassociates.com

Gawel, J. E. (1997). Herzberg’s theory of motivation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 5(11), 1996-1997.

Gogan, I. C. W., Zhang, Z., & Matemba, E. D. (2018). Impacts of gratifications on consumers’ emotions and continuance use intention: An empirical study of Weibo in China. Sustainability, 10(9), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093162

Goyal, A., Maity, M., Kaur, H., & Soch, H. (2013). Mediating roles of commitment and corporate image in the formation of customer loyalty. Journal of Indian Business Research, 5(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554191311303376

Gustafsson, C. (2005). Trust as an instance of asymmetrical reciprocity: An ethics perspective on corporate brand management. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(2), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2005.00398.x

Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpharm.2011.02.019

Hair, J. F. Jr., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage Publications.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2018). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.

Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

Han, M. A., & Rhee, K. J. (2021). The structural effect of airlines ecofriendly activities on corporate trust and customer citizenship behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(3), 46-75.

Haustein, S., & Hunecke, M. (2007). Reduced use of environmentally friendly modes of transportation caused by perceived mobility necessities: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1856-1883. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-1816.2007.00241.X

Held, J., & Germelmann, C. C. (2019). Deception in consumer behavior research: A literature review on objective and perceived deception. Projectics / Proyéctica / Projectique, n°21(3), 119-145. https://doi.org/10.3917/proj.021.0119

Huang, S., & Ku, H. (2016). Brand image management for nonprofit organizations: Exploring the relationships between websites, brand images and donations. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 17(1), 80-96. http://www.jecr.org/node/

Igbudu, N., Garanti, Z., & Popoola, T. (2018). Enhancing bank loyalty through sustainable banking practices: The mediating effect of corporate image. Sustainability, 10(11), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114050

Iqbal, S., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2019). The impact of deceptive advertising on customer loyalty: A case of telecommunication industry in Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Industrial Marketing, 4(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijim.v4i1.14607

Joseph, M., & Nimako, S. G. (2014). Modelling the antecedent and consequence of consumer perceived deception in loan services. International Journal of Financial Research, 6(1). 43-55. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v6n1p43

Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(72)80130-9

Ketron, S. (2016). Consumer cynicism and perceived deception in vanity sizing: The moderating role of retailer (dis)honesty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 33, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.07.018

Khan, S. K., Saeed, N., Liaqaut, S., Khan, A., & Jabeen, Z. (2015). Impact of deceptive marketing on consumer’s behavior: A case of cellular industry of Pakistan. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 18, 91-100.

Khurram, M., Qadeer, F., & Sheeraz, M. (2018a). The role of brand recall, brand recognition and price consciousness in understanding actual purchase. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 6(2), 219-241.

Khurram, M., Qadeer, F., & Sheeraz, M. (2018b). The role of brand recall, brand recognition and price consciousness in understanding actual purchase strategic HRM view project debt specialization view project. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 6(2), 219-241. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/326552304

Kim, H., Hur, W. M., & Yeo, J. (2015). Corporate brand trust as a mediator in the relationship between consumer perception of CSR, corporate hypocrisy, and corporate reputation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 7(4), 3683-3694. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043683

Kivetz, R. (1999). Advances in research on mental accounting and reason-based choice. Marketing Letters, 10(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008066718905

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Kuhn, K., & Alpert, F. (2004). Applying Keller’s brand equity model in a b2b context: Limitations and an empirical test. Journal of Marketing Management, 23(5-6), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725707X212784

Kustura, N., & Duman, T. (2012). Ethical issues related to advertising. 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 227-234.

Kyurova, V., & Yaneva, D. (2017). Research on the impact of the corporate image on the competitiveness of interior design enterprises. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 5, 495-498. https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.973

Leckenby, J. D., & Plummer, J. T. (2012). Current issues and research in advertising stimulus measurement and assessment research: A review of advertising testing methods. (June 2015), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01633392.1983.10505348

Lee, K., Noh, Y. K., & You, K. W. (2020). The mediation effect of corporate image and corporate attitude on the relationship between the social responsibility activity of sports enterprises and the loyalty of customers. Sport Mont, 18(1), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.200206

Lee, M., & Johnson, C. (2005). Principles of advertising: A global perspective (2nd ed.). The Haworth Press.

Lehu, J. M., & Bressoud, E. (2008). Effectiveness of brand placement: New insights about viewers. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.09.015

Liu, F., Li, J., Mizerski, D., & Soh, H. (2012). Self-congruity, brand attitude, and brand loyalty: A study on luxury brands. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7), 922-937. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230098

Lodorfos, G. N., Trosterud, T. A., & Whitworth, C. (2006). E-consumers’ attitude and behaviour in the online commodities market. Innovative Marketing, 2(3), 77-96.

Maciejewski, J. J. (2005). From bikinis to basal cell carcinoma: Advertising practitioners’ moral assessments of advertising content. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 27(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2005.10505185

Madu, C. N., & Madu, A. A. (2002). Dimensions of e-quality. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415668

Maslow, A. H. (1943). Classics in the history of psychology: A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.

Merhi, M. I. (2016). Towards a framework for online game adoption. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.072

Minton, E. A. (2019). Believing is buying: Religiosity, advertising skepticism, and corporate trust. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 16(1), 54-75. https://doi.org/10.108 0/14766086.2018.1437764

Moisescu, O. I. (2013). The importance of brand awareness in consumers’ buying decision and perceived risk assessment. Management and Marketing, 7(1), 103-110.

Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research. 2(3), 192-222. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.3.192

Needs, C. S. (1976). Customer stimulation needs and innovative shopping behavior: The case of recycled urban places. Advances in Consumer Research, 3, 30-35.

Nguyen, N., & Leblanc, G. (1998). The mediating role of corporate image on customers’ retention decisions: An investigation in financial services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16(2), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652329810206707

Noor, M. N. M., Sreenivasan, J., & Ismail, H. (2013). Malaysian consumer’s attitude towards mobile advertising, the role of permission and its impact on purchase intention: A structural equation modeling approach. Asian Social Science, 9(5), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n5p135

Okada, E. M. (2005). Justification effects on consumer choice of hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.1.43.56889

Park, S., Jun, J., & Park, H. (2017). What factors affect to curation commerce website loyalty intention: The mediating effects of perceived deception. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 21(3), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.12776/QIP.V21I3.984

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2

Pinasthika, D. G., Suroso, A., & Wulandari, S. Z. (2021). The analysis of intention to buy: An extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Management and Islamic Finance, 1(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.22515/jmif.v1i1.3559

Raja, M. W., Anand, S., & Allan, D. (2019). Advertising music: An alternative atmospheric stimulus to retail music. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 47(8), 872-892. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-08-2018-0157

Raja, M. W., Anand, S., & Allan, D. (2020). How ad music attitude-based consumer segmentation can help advertisers. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 32(5), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2020.1731398

Ramish, M. S. (2020). Visual appeal of stock photography used in advertisements affecting the customers’ attitude and determining the overall brand equity: Evidence from banking sector in Pakistan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Institute of Business Management.

Ramish, M. S., Jalees, T., & Bashir, A. (2019). Visual appeal of stock photographs affecting the consumers’ attitude towards advertising. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 9(1), 1-7.

Rawan, B., & Bibi, N. (2019). Construction of advertisements in Pakistan: How far television commercials conform to social values and professional code of conduct? Global Regional Review, 4(2), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).03

Román, S. (2003). The impact of ethical sales behaviour on customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty to the company: An empirical study in the financial services industry. Journal of Marketing Management, 19(9), 915-939. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725703770558268

Román, S., Riquelme, I. P., & Iacobucci, D. (2019). Perceived deception in online consumer reviews: Antecedents, consequences, and moderators. In Marketing in a Digital World (pp. 141-166). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-643520190000016010

Sekaran, U. (2000). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Shahzad, M., & Kausar, M. (2016). The influence of deceptive advertising on customer trust and loyalty: A study of telecom sector in Pakistan (Unpublished master’s thesis). Umeå School of Business and Economics.

Sharma, K., Licsandru, T. C., Gupta, S., Aggarwal, S., & Kanungo, R. (2020). An investigation into corporate trust and its linkages. Journal of Business Research, 117, 806-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.009

Silver, M. a, Ress, D., & Heeger, D. J. (2007). Neural correlates of sustained spatial attention in human early visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(1), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1152/ jn.00677.2006

Singh, J., Crisafulli, B., & Quamina, L. T. (2020). Corporate image at stake: The impact of crises and response strategies on consumer perceptions of corporate brand alliances. Journal of Business Research, 117, 839-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2019.01.014

Smith, D. C., & Aaker, D. A. (1992). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 125-128. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252048

Spiekermann, S., Korunovska, J., & Langheinrich, M. (2019). Inside the organization: Why privacy and security engineering is a challenge for engineers. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(3), 600-615. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2866769

Tan, S. J., & Chia, L. (2007). Are we measuring the same attitude? Understanding media effects on attitude towards advertising. Marketing Theory, 7(4), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593107083162

Thangeda, A., Baratiseng, B., Mompati, T., Medina, R., & Suthers, D. D. (2016). Education for sustainability: Quality education is a necessity in modern day. How far do the educational institutions facilitate quality education? Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference, CSCL, 7(2), 59-66.

Till, B. D., & Baack, D. W. (2005). Recall and persuasion: Does creative advertising matter? Journal of Advertising, 34(3), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2005.10639201

Tsai, Y. H., Joe, S. W., Lin, C. P., Chiu, C. K., & Shen, K. T. (2015). Exploring corporate citizenship and purchase intention: Mediating effects of brand trust and corporate identification. Business Ethics, 24(4), 361-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/ beer.12073

Van Der Merwe, W. A. J. (2013). Towards a conceptual model of the relationship between corporate trust and corporate reputation (University of Pretoria). https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2014.4

Vidal-Alaball, J., Mateo, G. F., Domingo, J. L. G., Gomez, X. M., Valmaña, G. S., Ruiz-Comellas, A., … Cuyàs, F. G. (2020). Validation of a short questionnaire to assess healthcare professionals’ perceptions of asynchronous telemedicine services: The Catalan version of the health optimum telemedicine acceptance questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072202

Vinzi, E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of Partial Least Squares Concepts, Methods and Applications. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8

Vlachos, P. A., Tsamakos, A., Vrechopoulos, A. P., & Avramidis, P. K. (2009). Corporate social responsibility: Attributions, loyalty, and the mediating role of trust. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(2), 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11747-008-0117-x

Vrij, A., Granhag, P. A., & Porter, S. (2010). Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3), 89-121.

Wehmeyer, K. (2007). Assessing users’ attachment to their mobile devices. International Conference on the Management of Mobile Business (ICMB 2007).

Wood, W., Tam, L., & Witt, M. G. (2005). Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 918-933. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.918

Wu, Y.-L., & Li, E. Y. (2018). Marketing mix, customer value, and customer loyalty in social commerce: A stimulus-organism-response perspective. Internet Research, 28(1), 74-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-08-2016-0250

Xie, G.-X., & Boush, D. M. (2011). How susceptible are consumers to deceptive advertising claims? A retrospective look at the experimental research literature. The Marketing Review, 11(3), 293-314.

Xie, Y., Batra, R., & Peng, S. (2015). An extended model of preference formation between global and local brands: The roles of identity expressiveness, trust, and affect. Journal of International Marketing, 23(1), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.14.0009

Yaseen, S., Hyder, S. I., Ansari, J., & Mazahir, M. I. (2020). Empirical evidence of factors affecting attitude towards the advertising of socially sensitive products in digital media. Media Education, 60(4), 764-773. https://doi.org/10.13187/me.2020.4.764

Yoon, N.-S., & Kim, Y.-E. (2014). The distribution industry’s social responsibility and ethics management: Effects on corporate trust and loyalty. Journal of Distribution Science, 12(7), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.12.7.201407.23

Zafar, R., & Lodhi, S. (2016). The study of ethical issues in restaurant of Karachi, Pakistan. American Based Research Journal, 5(2), 13-19.

Downloads

Published

30-07-2024

Research impact

Harvested 2026-09-08
1 citations, from OpenAlex — the highest of the sources checked

Counts differ between services because each indexes a different body of literature. None of them is the whole picture.

Identifiers DOI 10.32890/ijms2024.31.2.4 OpenAlex W4401199973