Selat Hormuz dan Konflik Iran dalam Perspektif Sejarah Gunaan: Kesinambungan Krisis Tenaga, Kejutan Bekalan dan Keselamatan Tenaga Global

(The Strait Of Hormuz And The Iran Conflict In Applied History Perspective: Supply Shocks And Global Energy Security)

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini meneliti Selat Hormuz dan konflik Iran dalam bidang Sejarah Antarabangsa kontemporari berperspektif Sejarah Gunaan. Permasalahan utama artikel ini ialah kebergantungan sistem tenaga global terhadap Selat Hormuz, sedangkan laluan tersebut berada dalam ruang sejarah Teluk Parsi yang berulang kali mengalami konflik, sekatan ekonomi, persaingan kuasa dan ketegangan keselamatan maritim. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen, analisis kandungan tematik dan pendekatan Sejarah Gunaan terhadap sumber akademik, laporan tenaga, dokumen rasmi, rekod sejarah, kenyataan dasar dan sumber sezaman. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Selat Hormuz bukan sekadar laluan perdagangan tenaga, tetapi kerentanan struktur yang terbentuk melalui kesinambungan sejarah krisis tenaga sejak Krisis Minyak 1973, Revolusi Iran 1979, Perang Iran-Iraq, Tanker War dan Perang Teluk. Konflik Iran berpotensi mencetuskan kejutan bekalan melalui dua mekanisme utama, iaitu gangguan fizikal terhadap aliran minyak dan LNG serta gangguan tidak langsung melalui persepsi risiko pasaran, kos penghantaran dan insurans maritim. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada bidang Sejarah Gunaan dengan menunjukkan bagaimana pengalaman krisis tenaga terdahulu dapat digunakan sebagai asas analisis terhadap kerentanan tenaga kontemporari dan strategi mitigasi negara pengimport tenaga.

 ABSTRACT

This article examines the Strait of Hormuz and the Iran conflict within the field of contemporary International History through an Applied History perspective. The central problem is the global energy system's dependence on the Strait of Hormuz, a route located within the historically unstable Persian Gulf, which has repeatedly experienced conflict, sanctions, power rivalry and maritime security tensions. This study employs a qualitative approach based on document analysis, thematic content analysis and Applied History by examining academic literature, energy reports, official documents, historical records, policy statements and contemporary sources. The findings show that the Strait of Hormuz is not merely an energy trade route but a structural vulnerability shaped by the historical continuity of energy crises since the 1973 Oil Crisis, the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, the Tanker War and the Gulf War. The Iran conflict may trigger kejutan bekalan (supply shock)s through two key mechanisms: physical disruption to oil and LNG flows, and indirect disruption through market persepsi risiko, shipping costs and insurans maritim. This article contributes to Applied History by demonstrating how past energy crises can be used as an analytical basis for understanding contemporary energy vulnerability and mitigation strategies for energy-importing states.