Sejarah Ekskavasi dan Pembuatan Manik di Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara
(The History of Excavation and Bead Making in Malaysia and Southeast Asia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/ahjmm2024.2.5Keywords:
Manik, Asia Tenggara, Arikamedu, Mutisalah, Sungai Johor, Batu GalianAbstract
Bidang arkeologi mempunyai hubungan rapat dengan aktiviti carigali dan artikel ini mengutamakan penyelidikan dan laporan jumpaan manik dalam projek-projek carigali yang dijalankan oleh para pengkaji arkeologi. Oleh itu, tumpuan artikel ini adalah ke atas penulisan-penulisan yang dihasilkan oleh pengkaji-pengkaji lalu tentang penyelidikan mereka. Dalam penyelidikan manik, tulisan terawal oleh Horace Bech telah membuka jalan dalam penganalisaan manik di Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara. Pengkaji Peter Francis (Jr), turut menyumbang dalam menulis mengenai kajian manik kaca di Malaysia. Laporan manik oleh G.B. Gardner dan Alastair Lamb juga tidak dapat diketepikan dalam penyelidkan manik secara global. Penelitian laporan-laporan mereka memberikan satu pemahaman tentang keadaan sebenar bidang arkeologi di Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara. Dalam laporan mereka, didapati selain daripada menentukan peranan manik bagi sesebuah masyarakat dan cara penyebaran, mereka menghadapi masalah dalam menentukan cara pembuatan dan jenis manik yang diekskavasi. Analisis mengenai kaedah pembuatan dan jenis manik harus dikaji kerana mempunyai kepentingan dalam perkembangan bidang arkeologi dan kurang diperdebat dalam kalangan komuniti arkeologi tempatan. Bahagian arkeologi manik ini memainkan peranan penting untuk mengenalpasti aspek-aspek lain seperti kepentingan sosioekonomi, keagamaan dan ritual di sesebuah kawasan dan hubungan masyarakat dengan kawasan masyarakat lain. Oleh itu, artikel ini memberi penekanan kepada penelitan kaedah pembuatan dan jenis manik melalui hujah pengkaji manik yang diekskavasi di Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara.
ABSTRACT
The field of archaeology is closely related to excavation activities. Focussing on past writings, this article discusses the research and reports of bead finds in excavations carried out by archaeologists. In bead research, the earliest writings by Horace Bech paved the way for bead research in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. Peter Francis (Jr) also contributed in writing about the study of glass beads in Malaysia. Bead reports by G.B. Gardner and Alastair Lamb also cannot be ignored in global bead research. Researching their reports provides an understanding of the actual state of the archaeological field in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. In their report, it was found that apart from determining the role of beads for a society and the method of dissemination, they faced problems in determining the method of manufacture and the type of excavated beads. Analysis of the manufacturing methods and types of beads bear importance on the development of the field of archaeology, yet are less debated among the local archaeological research community. Bead archaeology plays an important role in identifying other aspects such as socioeconomic, religious, and ritual importance in an area and community relations with other community areas. Therefore, this article emphasizes the investigation of the manufacturing methods and types of beads through the arguments of bead researchers in Malaysia and Southeast Asia.
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