Drug and Substance Abuse Problem by the Zimbabwean Youth: A Psychological Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/pr2020.2.3Kata kunci:
youth, drug abuse, problem, self-control, self-conceptAbstrak
Drug abuse has become a problem among youths in Zimbabwe, so dire is the situation that more than half of the youths’ population, approximately 57% in Zimbabwe are involved in drug abuse. The statistics on youth drug abuse in Zimbabwe increase yearly despite measures implemented by various stakeholders to fight the pandemic. The study seeks to understand the problem of drug abuse within the Zimbabwean context from a psychological perspective. The current study takes a desk research approach to understand the problem of drug abuse by the youth in Zimbabwe. The study unearths the most affected age group by drug abuse, the causes of drug abuse, the types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse to that age group. The study reviewed relevant literature, using key terms in the study, which are youth, drug abuse and problem. Literature was systematically categorised into categories of causes of drug abuse, types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse among the youth. Findings from the study are that, the youth are the most affected age group by drug abuse in Zimbabwe and the problem stems from lack of self-control and negative self-concept on the youth drug abusers. The study also established that cannabis is the most abused drug in Zimbabwe and that the problem of drug abuse has negative effects to the drug abuser, family, community and nation at large. The current study recommends for future studies to establish intervention programs in Zimbabwe that aim to enhance self-control and self-concept in youth drug abusers.
Rujukan
Anderson, D., Beckerleg, S., Hailu, D., & Klein, A. (2020). The khat controversy: Stimulating the debate on drugs. Routledge.
Baler, R. D., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). Drug addiction: the neurobiology of disrupted self-control. Trends in molecular medicine, 12(12), 559-566.
Batsell, J. (2018). AIDS, politics, and NGOs in Zimbabwe. In The African state and the AIDS crisis (pp. 59-77). Routledge.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355.
Bjorck, J. P., Kim, G. S., Cunha, D. A., & Braese, R. W. (2019). Assessing religious support in Christian adolescents: Initial validation of the Multi-Faith Religious Support ScaleAdolescent (MFRSS-A). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(1), 22. Charilaou, P., Agnihotri, K., Garcia, P., Badheka, A., Frenia, D., &
Yegneswaran, B. (2017). Trends of cannabis use disorder in the inpatient: 2002 to 2011. The American journal of medicine, 130(6), 678-687. Chikoko, W., Chikoko, E., Muzvidziwa V. N. and Ruparanganda,
W. (2016) NON-Governmental Organisations’ Response to Substance Abuse and Sexual Behaviours of Adolescent Street Children of Harare Central Business District. African Journal of Social Work 6(2), 58_64.
Driskell, D. (2017). Creating better cities with children and youth: A manual for participation. Routledge. Francis, J. M., Myers, B., Nkosi, S., Williams, P. P., Carney, T., Lombard, C., & Morojele,
N. (2019). The prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and alcohol use, other drug use, and risky sexual behaviours among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape, South Africa. PloS one, 14(2).
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Schrade, A. (2017). Christian self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(5), 786.
Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1995). Control theory and the lifecourse perspective. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention.
Ismail, N. A. H., & Tekke, M. (2015). Rediscovering Rogers’s self theory and personality. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 4(3), 28-36.
Jakaza, T. N., & Nyoni, C. (2018). Emerging dynamics of substance abuse among street children in Zimbabwe. A case of Harare Central Business District. African Journal of Social Work, 8(2), 63-70.
Jerie, S. (2015). Urban youth unemployment in Zimbabwe: nature, challenges and consequences. Urban Youth Unemployment in Eastern and Southern Africa: Features, Consequences and Cut-Back Strategies, 40-62.
Jones, S. C. (1973). Self-and interpersonal evaluations: esteem theories versus consistency theories. Psychological bulletin, 79(3), 185.
Kim, J., Hong, H., Lee, J., & Hyun, M. H. (2017). Effects of time perspective and self-control on procrastination and Internet addiction. Journal of behavioural addictions, 6(2), 229-236.
Kabugi, F. (2019). Opportunities for Faith Based Organizations in Substance Use Prevention:AChristian Perspectives. Educational Review: International Journal, 16(1).
Laitselart, P. (2018). Caffeine/diazepam abuse. Reactions, 1689, 5217.
Lewis, C. N. (1971). Reminiscing and self-concept in old age. Journal of gerontology, 26(2), 240-243.
Macheka, T., & Masuku, S. (2019). Youth participation structures in Zimbabwe: A lens into the experiences of rural youth within WADCOs and VIDCOs.
Mahiya, I. T. (2016). Urban youth unemployment in the context of a dollarised economy in Zimbabwe. Commonwealth Youth and Development, 14(1), 97-117.
Makande, N. A. (2017). The effectiveness of the Zimbabwe Republic Police Criminal Investigation Department in curbing drug abuse among youths in Zimbabwe: a case of Mbare.
Mantilla, E. F., Norring, C., & Birgegård, A. (2019). Self-image and 12-month outcome in females with eating disorders: extending previous findings. Journal of eating disorders, 7(1), 15.
Maraire, T., & Chethiyar, S. D. M. (2019). The nexus between violent video game playing and aggression among emerging adults at Universiti utara malaysia. International Journal of Education, 4(33), 298-308.
Marshall, C. Rossman 2006. Designing qualitative research.
Matunhu, J., & Matunhu, V. (2016). Drugs and drug control in Zimbabwe. In Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control (pp. 155-178). Routledge.
Matutu, V., & Mususa, D. (2019). Drug and Alcohol Abuse among Young People in Zimbabwe: A Crisis of Morality or Public Health Problem. Available at SSRN 3489954.
Mazuru, N. (2018). Zimbabwean Youths and the Insecurities from “Bronco” Abuse. Rethinking Securities in an Emergent Technoscientific New World Order: Retracing the Contours for Africa’s Hi-jacked Futures, 297. Mbwambo, J., McCurdy, S. A., Myers, B., Lambdin, B., Kilonzo, G.
P., & Kaduri, P. (2012). Drug trafficking, use, and HIV risk: the need for comprehensive interventions. SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/ AIDS, 9(3), 154-159.
Muchena, P., & Makotamo, J. (2017). Drug Misuse among High School candidates in Mutare Urban and Peri Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 7(3), 63-72.
Murambidzi, I. (2016). Conceptualisation of mental illness among Christian clergy in Harare, Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). Mushanyu, J., Nyabadza, F., Muchatibaya, G., & Stewart, A. G.
R. (2016). Modelling drug abuse epidemics in the presence of limited rehabilitation capacity. Bulletin of mathematical biology, 78(12), 2364-2389.
Mutukura, K. P., & Cepel, Z. U. (2015). Effects of youth marginalization in the decision-making and policy implementation processes. The case of Zimbabwe.
Mtemeri, J., & Nhamo, M. (2019). Interrogating Challenges of Youths Unemployment in Rural areas of Masvingo, Zimbabwe: A Search for Alternative Options. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(5), 16-27.
Ndasauka, Y., & Kayange, G. M. (2019). Addiction in South and East Africa. Springer International Publishing.
Nhapi, T. (2019). Drug Addiction among Youths in Zimbabwe: Social Work Perspective. In Addiction in South and East Africa (pp. 241-259). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Nhapi, T., & Mathende, T. (2016). Drug abuse: an out of school adolescent’s survival mechanism in the context of a turbulent economic landscape–some Zimbabwean.
Nhunzvi, C. (2014). An occupatiobnal perspectice on the journey of recovery from substance abuse among young Zimbabwean men (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town).
Nhunzvi, C., Galvaan, R., & Peters, L. (2019). Recovery from substance abuse among Zimbabwean men: an occupational transition. OTJR: occupation, participation and health, 39(1), 14-22.perspectives. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 29(3), 126-139.
Nhunzvi, C., & Mavindidze, E. (2016) Occupational Therapy Rehabilitation in a Developing Country: Promoting Best Practice in Mental Health, Zimbabwe.
Nyazema, N. Z. (2010). The Zimbabwe Crisis and the provision of social services: health and education. Journal of Developing Societies, 26(2), 233-261.
Perkins, D. F., Borden, L. M., & Villarruel, F. A. (2001). Community youth development: A partnership for action. School Community Journal, 11(2), 39-56.
Pufall, E. L., Eaton, J. W., Robertson, L., Mushati, P., Nyamukapa, C., & Gregson, S. (2017). Education, substance use, and HIV risk among orphaned adolescents in Eastern Zimbabwe. Vulnerable children and youth studies, 12(4), 360-374.
Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rugoho, T. (2019). Drug Use and Addiction amongst Women with Disabilities Who Are Commercial Sex Workers in Zimbabwe. In Addiction in South and East Africa (pp. 229-239). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Romanus Cessario, O. P. (2008). The moral virtues and theological ethics. University of Notre Dame Pess.
Rooney, R. H., & Mirick, R. G. (Eds.). (2018). Strategies for work with involuntary clients. Columbia University Press.
Rosenberg, F. R., Rosenberg, M., & McCord, J. (1978). Self-esteem and delinquency. Journal of Youth and adolescence, 7(3), 279294.
Rwafa, C., Mangezi, W. O., & Madhombiro, M. (2019). Substance Use Among Patients Admitted to Psychiatric Units in Harare, Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe (September 6, 2019).
Schoedel, K. A., Stockis, A., & Sellers, E. M. (2018). Human abuse potential of brivaracetam in healthy recreational central nervous system depressant users. Epilepsy & Behavior, 78, 194-201.
Schifano, F., Chiappini, S., Corkery, J. M., & Guirguis, A. (2018). Abuse of prescription drugs in the context of novel psychoactive substances (NPS): a systematic review. Brain sciences, 8(4), 73.
Siegel, L. (2012). Criminology: Theories, patterns, and typologies. Nelson Education.
World Health Organisation Africa, Zimbabwe. (2019). https://www. afro.who.int/news/zimbabwe-holds-stakeholders-workshoptreatment-substance-abuse.
World Health Organisation Africa, Zimbabwe. (2018). https://www.afro.who.int/news/zimbabwe-holds-stakeholdersworkshop-treatment-substance-abuse.
Zeanah, C. H. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of infant mental health. Guilford Publications.
Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (2018). Retrieved from https://www.orchr.org Zimbabwe inflation rate. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com Zimbabwe unemployment rate.
Zimbabwe Civil Liberties Drugs Network, (2017). Retrieved from https://idpc.net/profile/zcldn
Zimbabwe Civil Liberties Drugs Network, (2018). Retrieved from https://idpc.net/profile/zcldn.
Zimbabwe Civil Liberties Drugs Network, (2019). Retrieved from https://idpc.net/profile/zcldn.
Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission, (2015) Study on youth and human rights: youth in Zimbabwe. Retrieved from ohchr.org.
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. Religion final lay out, (2018) : www.zimstat.co.zw.
Zimbabwe National Youth Policy, (2013). www.youthpolicy.co.zw.
Zvira, T. (2016 February). Zimbabwe: Inside Harare’s Dark Illegal Drug Trafficking Syndicates. The Standard. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/ learn/faqs/cite-newspaper.aspx
