The Journal of International Studies (JIS) is an internationally referred journal focusing on the contemporary issues of world dynamism from various perspectives, among others politics, international relations, diplomacy, economy, business, cross-cultural management, trade, law, and development. JIS invites prospective authors to submit original and unpublished work in areas that include but not limited to human rights, democratisation, trade arrangements, border disputes, corporate governance, multinational enterprises, logistics and supply chain, global maritime, sustainable development, political violence, and terrorism. Topics that of analysing regional comparative studies are also welcome. JIS is a refereed and open access journal that is available free-of-charge to anyone with access to internet, and there are no publication fees or article processing charges in this open journal. JIS is financially supported and published under the auspices of the Universiti Utara Malaysia, College of Law, Government and International Studies, School of International Studies.
MARITIME SECURITY GOVERNANCE IN THE STRAITS OF MALACCA: INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, AND SINGAPORE’S RESPONSES
Maritime security governance of a strategic ‘strait’ is unique. It is a complex exercise for coastal states, in particular, to have control over adjacent offshore resources, navigational rights, and maintaining access to commercial and military vessels passing through the waterway. Central to this is sustaining a balanced governance approach to security that would impinge on navigational freedom and coastal states’ rights and duties. However, maritime security governance is not only the actions of a sovereign state or a group of sovereign countries but also non-sovereign entities and institutions. It includes the formulation and implementation of solutions to collective issues. Several factors, such as historical patterns of regulation and control of the policy sector and institutional interests, eventually influence states in either promoting or resisting the formation of governance mechanisms. While maritime security governance exists in many international straits, the focus of this article is on the Straits of Malacca (Strait of Malacca and Strait of Singapore), hereafter referred to as SOM, a strategic maritime passage that involves multiple interests involving governance, military, and commercial aspects. Maritime security governance is at the core of the SOM’s management. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore’s approaches towards maritime security are strongly influenced by their sovereign, economic, and legal interests. This article is divided into three sections. First, it defines the concept of governance and examines why maritime security governance has garnered attention in contemporary international relations. Second, it identifies maritime security governance approaches among the littoral states in the SOM. Third, it explains why the littoral states adopt diverging approaches to security governance and the conditions shaping their attitudes.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BORDER SECURITISATION AND ECONOMIC FACILITATION: THE QUEST FOR FREE VISA AND OPEN-BORDER POLICIES
In the context of Malaysia’s economic and border policies, two important developments have taken place. In 2023, the government decided to reopen the Wang Kelian free-flow zone in favour of economic development after its closure in 2015. In the same year, the government eliminated visa requirements to attract tourists from China and India. This study examines the two above mentioned case studies that illustrate the debates in the facilitation of entry for economic development and security concerns. Three findings are revealed. First, this article proposes the hypothesis that Malaysia’s migration control policies can be framed as tension between border securitisation and economic facilitation. From an enforcement perspective, border securitisation is undermined by the facilitation of legal entry in the quest for the state’s economic interests, as the abuse of legal entry facilities is prevalent. Second, security and economic interests may be harmonised through smart border control mechanisms, such as the Digital Arrival Card, data centres that evaluate passenger information, delegating gatekeeping responsibilities to airlines and tourist firms, enforcement, surveillance and denying entry and amnesty for overstayers. Third, the amnesty regime functions as an entry and exit mechanism by blacklisting overstayers from re-entering the state using biometric data.
VIETNAM’S STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL ADAPTATION TO TECHNOLOGICAL, GEOPOLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
This article examines Vietnam’s strategic approach to managing global dynamics, focusing on organisational adaptation and strategic management amid complex technological, geopolitical, and environmental challenges. Applying complexity theory, landscape genetics, and strategic improvisation, this study provides insights into Vietnam’s responses to geopolitical conflicts, climate change impacts, and cybersecurity threats. It highlights Vietnam’s strategies in environmental conservation, such as combating sea level rise, and the role of technological integration, including artificial intelligence and digital transformation, in enhancing national resilience. Vietnam’s partnerships in maritime security, especially concerning the South China Sea, illustrate its adaptive capabilities in securing territorial and economic interests. Additionally, this paper emphasises the significance of corporate entrepreneurship and talent management in fostering innovation and resilience. The findings underscore the necessity for flexible, collaborative strategies for sustainable development and national security, positioning Vietnam as a resilient actor within the Asia-Pacific region.
MANAGERIAL RISK-TAKING AND THE ADOPTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY: IMPLICATIONS ON RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
The principal-agent contract motivates managers to take risks to increase shareholders’ returns. A key issue is whether managerial risk-taking decisions are made at the cost of sustainable practices, particularly in relation to environmental protection, which may conflict with profit-seeking activities. This study examines the impact of managerial risk-taking on firms’ energy efficiency practices using a sample of 36 countries from 2006 to 2019. We further investigate how firm size, as a tangible resource, and board size, as an intangible resource, moderate this relationship. Our findings suggest that, although managers take risks to seek higher profitability from investments that may not align with environmental sustainability, intangible resources such as board size can help bridge the gap between profitability and sustainability. However, tangible resources may shift firms’ focus away from sustainable practices, directing attention toward profitable investments that might not be environmentally friendly. In practice, this study highlights the importance of corporate governance, particularly board composition, which plays a key role in contributing to corporate sustainability.
AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSING POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN INDONESIA THROUGH COMPARISON BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ HOUSING POLICY
This study examines Indonesia's challenges in meeting its citizens' housing needs amidst globalisation and economic liberalisation. The research aims to identify effective housing policies from developed and developing countries that can be adapted to the Indonesian context. Through a comparative analysis of housing policies in North Western Europe, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, the study explores different approaches to addressing housing affordability and accessibility. Findings reveal that developed countries leverage robust institutions and capital resources to implement tax and subsidy mechanisms, while developing countries face limitations due to financial constraints and low tax revenues. The study suggests that Indonesia can adopt successful policies from developed nations, such as targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation, while tailoring them to align with Indonesian values and socioeconomic conditions. This study examines Indonesia's challenges in meeting its citizens' housing needs amidst globalisation and economic liberalisation. The research aims to identify effective housing policies from developed and developing countries that can be adapted to the Indonesian context. Through a comparative analysis of housing policies in North Western Europe, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, the study explores different approaches to addressing housing affordability and accessibility. Findings reveal that developed countries leverage robust institutions and capital resources to implement tax and subsidy mechanisms, while developing countries face limitations due to financial constraints and low tax revenues. The study suggests that Indonesia can adopt successful policies from developed nations, such as targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation, while tailoring them to align with Indonesian values and socioeconomic conditions. This study reveals key differences in how developed and developing countries approach housing policy. While developed nations leverage strong institutions and significant capital for tax and subsidy programs to improve affordability and access, developing countries like Indonesia face limitations due to financial constraints and lower tax revenues. The research contributes valuable comparative analysis and policy recommendations for Indonesia, suggesting the adoption of targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation tailored to the country's unique context. Ultimately, it highlights the need for context-specific solutions to address housing challenges in a globalised world.
US-CHINA DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE COMPETITION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: STRATEGIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ASEAN'S 5G FUTURE
The rapid evolution of the digital economy has significantly heightened global competition between the United States and China, especially in the area of digital infrastructure development centred around 5G technology. This competition situates the ASEAN member states (AMS) at a strategic intersection of these two superpowers, compelling them to manoeuver through a complex geopolitical landscape. This study seeks to analyse the strategies that the United States and China are deploying in Southeast Asia’s digital infrastructure, with a particular focus on 5G technology, and to evaluate the implications for the digital future of ASEAN. The study utilises a comprehensive literature review methodology, scrutinising relevant scholarly articles, policy documents, and reports from the period 2013 to 2023. Despite the United States' escalating security concerns regarding Chinese technology, the AMS has opted for a balanced and diversified approach in selecting their 5G vendors. This strategy demonstrates their attempt to harmonise technological advancement with security imperatives. The findings indicate that AMS has preserved their strategic autonomy in the face of U.S.-China competition by diversifying their technological partnerships and avoiding dependence on any single supplier. Nonetheless, this approach presents substantial challenges, including economic vulnerabilities, security risks, and the intricacies of geopolitical entanglements. The article anticipates that AMS will continue to adeptly balance their relationships with both the United States and China, targeting digital sovereignty that aligns with their long-term developmental goals. This study contributes fresh insights into the digital geopolitical dynamics of Southeast Asia and provides valuable perspectives for policymakers and business entities operating within this complex environment.
JAPAN’S SHIFT FROM PACIFISM: REARMAMENT AMID SECURITY CHALLENGES
Amidst shifting security dynamics in East Asia, Japan faces an evolving strategic landscape, particularly in response to mounting threats from North Korea and China. Through a descriptive analysis of primary and secondary sources, this study investigates Japan's trajectory towards potential constitutional amendment and further militarization, with a focus on Article 9—a key provision renouncing the use of force and restricting military capabilities. By tracing historical contexts and the U.S.-Japan security alliance, the paper explores Japan's post-war pacifism and the gradual evolution of its Self-Defense Forces (SDF) within constitutional constraints. Despite inherent constraints, Japan has developed a robust military force, challenging traditional perceptions of its rearmament. While the nation has incrementally expanded its defense posture, legal and political obstacles remain, necessitating constitutional revisions to align its military strategy with contemporary security challenges. Externally, Japan faces threats such as North Korea's nuclear ambitions and China's assertive regional policies, while internally, public sentiment, historical legacies, and legal obstacles shape the discourse on constitutional reform. Japan's path towards constitutional amendment hinges on regional security dynamics and the strength of the U.S.-Japan alliance. The extent of US commitment to regional stability and its capacity to address Japanese security concerns may significantly determine the pace and direction of Japan’s defense normalization. Although Japan is militarily prepared to address emerging security threats, its constitutional constraints persist as a legal challenge. Findings indicate that through a series of incremental military policies, Japan has effectively rearmed itself with credible self-defense capabilities, despite the continued legal restrictions imposed by its pacifist constitution.
FACTORS INFLUENCING EXPATRIATES’ INTENTION TO STAY: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION AND THE MODERATING EFFECT OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
This study explores the relationship between motivational factors (including hygiene factors) and intelligence factors (cultural intelligence and social intelligence) on expatriates' intention to stay and continue working in Pakistan. Additionally, it investigates the mediating role of job satisfaction and the moderating role of social infrastructure in these relationships. A quantitative research approach was adopted, with data gathered through survey questionnaires from a sample of 303 expatriates working in three major Pakistani cities, namely Lahore, Islamabad, and Karachi were involved in this study. The findings reveal a significant and positive relationship between motivational factors, hygiene factors, cultural intelligence, and social intelligence with job satisfaction. Regarding expatriates' intention to stay, all independent variables showed a significant relationship, except for cultural intelligence. Furthermore, job satisfaction was found to be positively associated with expatriates' intention to stay and mediated the relationship between motivational factors, hygiene factors, cultural intelligence, and social intelligence with expatriates' retention intentions. However, the results indicate that social infrastructure does not moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and expatriates’ intention to stay. This study contributes to the existing literature on expatriate retention and offers useful insights for firms and policymakers on the key factors that influence expatriates' decision to remain in a country.
ACROSS TIMELINES: DECODING CROSS-REGIONAL MEDIA FRAMINGS OF ISIS ON X (2014–2023)
This study investigates regional variations in media framings of ISIS on X, identifying the key factors contributing to these differences. By analysing diverse perspectives and approaches adopted by media accounts, the research sheds light on how various factors shape media discourse on social media platforms. Data were collected from X using RStudio and the academictwitteR package. Network analysis was employed to identify key opinion leaders (KOLs) within each regional group, while framing analysis explored media variations through framing devices such as problem definition and causal interpretation. Findings reveal that Asian media primarily focus on local impacts, particularly the radicalization of Indonesian citizens by ISIS and egregious human rights abuses. Euro-Anglosphere media emphasize international involvement, highlighting violent acts and advocating for a coordinated global response. Middle Eastern media centre their framing on local events, including military engagements, cultural heritage destruction, and immediate regional consequences. These variations are influenced by factors such as geopolitical proximity, national context, domestic journalistic norms, and online netizen engagement patterns. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of media discourse on X concerning ISIS.
THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC COVID-19 AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS ON FTSE BURSA MALAYSIA KLCI STOCK RETURNS VOLATILITY: AN EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL MIXED METHODS APPROACH
Malaysia’s stock markets experienced significant declines as the virus spread throughout the global pandemic of COVID-19. This study was undertaken to investigate the global pandemic COVID-19 and Malaysia stock market volatility during the Movement Control Order from 18 March 2020 until 30 September 2022 using a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative data. The Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (EGARCH) methodology was employed to analyse identified quantitative variables and understand stock return patterns, along with a qualitative exploratory sequential mixed methods approach to investigate the phenomenon. The EGARCH empirical finding reveals statistically positive coefficients and highlights substantial continuity in Malaysia’s stock market return volatility, besides negative shocks and significance between the variables in considering uneven volatility and their impact on FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI stock returns, except for Malaysia’s gold price.
VISUAL THINKING THROUGH MOVIES AND DOCUMENTARIES: ASSESSING STUDENTS’ LEARNING AND SATISFACTION IN AN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLASS
In contemporary teaching, it has become quite common to talk about “active learning.” This discussion initially started in Education, but it soon spread to many disciplines. International Relations (IR) is no exception to this trend, with many scholars and teachers reporting on the use of several active learning techniques in their classrooms. An active learning format that has recently gained popularity is “visual thinking” (VT). VT is considered relevant for teaching in many disciplines, including IR. Several scholars have introduced the use of visual items, such as pictures, cartoons, video games, or art paintings, in their teaching projects. Movies and documentaries are also used for visual teaching. Many IR scholars consider them as effective tools to improve students’ learning, thanks to their supposed capacity to make class contents more understandable and increase student class engagement. By relying on a mixed-method approach, the goal of this study is to empirically assess whether a VT format contributes to improving IR students’ hard skills, measured in terms of grades, and their perceptions about and satisfaction with the class.
MALAY NATIONALISM AND THE PAN-MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC PARTY: ANALYSING THE PARTY’S ROLE IN ADDRESSING GLOBAL MUSLIM UMMAH CHALLENGES AND CONFLICTS
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) is a prominent political party in Malaysia that has long championed Malay nationalism. This study examines PAS's political connections and approach in addressing Muslim issues on a global scale, mainly through the lens of Malay nationalism. A qualitative methodology was employed to analyse key documents, speeches, and policies of PAS leaders over the years. The findings revealed that PAS has actively sought to align its nationalist agenda with broader Islamic causes, forging connections with like-minded organisations and movements internationally. PAS has positioned itself as a defender of Malay rights and interests while advocating for implementing Islamic principles in governance and society. The party's interpretation of Malay nationalism is deeply rooted in its Islamic ideology, seeking to reconcile ethnic and religious identities. This study contributes to the understanding of how a regional political party, such as PAS navigates the complex interplay between nationalism, religion, and global affairs. It highlights PAS's efforts to project its influence beyond the Malaysian context and situate the Malay nationalist struggle within the broader framework of the Muslim ummah. The implications of such an approach for national unity, regional dynamics, and the party's long-term political trajectory are also discussed.
RESHAPING THE WORLD, RETHINKING ACTORS: THE ROLE OF SUB-STATE ACTORS IN FOREIGN RELATIONS
International relations scholars have increasingly debated the evolving landscape of actors that challenge the traditional state-centric world order. A key element of this transformation is the rise of sub-state actors, which engages in alternative diplomacy parallel to the state, transcending traditional state-centric frameworks. This paper explores the significant shifts in international actorness over the late 20th century, focusing on the emergence and implications of sub-state diplomacy, or "paradiplomacy." First, the study introduces sub-state actors and their role in challenging the dominant state-centric discourse. It then examines the dynamic evolution of paradiplomacy, highlighting how sub-states have expanded their global engagement, the opportunities this presents, and the potential threats it poses. Through a multi-scalar analysis, the paper critically assesses paradiplomacy's impact on long-held beliefs about regions, states, actors, and the international political system. Furthermore, the study shows how states can leverage their sub-national entities to deal with problems that threaten their sovereignty and global standing. The findings suggest that both the state and sub-state actors can engage in ambitious international activities, fostering greater global cooperation within the complexities of modern governance and competition.
DIVERSION FOR CHILDREN FROM THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA
Children’s rights in the criminal justice system are now legally recognised, as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 provides. Since Malaysia and Indonesia acceded to the CRC, both jurisdictions must provide legal safeguards to all children in the criminal justice system. However, whether these children are adequately protected at every stage of the criminal proceedings remains questionable. Consequently, exposure to the criminal justice system might have detrimental effects on the psychological, cognitive, and emotional development and well-being of children. To overcome these adverse effects, diversion is an alternative measure that can be implemented to protect children better. Thus, this research aims to meet the following objectives: a) to analyse the adequacy of the national laws governing diversion when dealing with children in Malaysia and Indonesia, (b) to examine the international instruments governing the implementation of diversion, and (c) to propose for the implementation of effective diversion for children in both jurisdictions. A doctrinal study was employed to achieve the objectives, and extensive doctrinal research on diversion was conducted. This research demonstrates that sound and informed laws and policies are crucial in improving the legal framework governing diversion, which can positively impact the well-being of children and facilitate their reintegration process. The results of this study are pivotal to stakeholders in both jurisdictions in ensuring children are afforded better legal protection, which aligns with national policies and the international legal framework.
THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN CHINA’S ETHNIC CONFLICTS, NATIONAL SECURITY AND GRAND STRATEGY
The relationship between internal conflicts and national strategic decision-making remains complex and often unclear. This article examines the case of Xinjiang to explore the intricate connections between ethnic conflicts, national security, and China’s Grand Strategy—factors that have significantly shaped the global order. Through an extensive literature review, the study highlights ethnic conflicts particularly in Xinjiang, serve as a primary driver for China’s Grand Strategy, emphasizing national security and strategic interests. Moreover, the findings suggest that military and economic imperatives play a crucial role in designing this strategy, particularly through the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which intends to promote regional development and stability in the state. The study demonstrates that ethnic conflicts intensify the state’s focus on national security, influencing key policy-making decisions. Ultimately, it argues that China’s Grand Strategy is designed to ensure both national survival and sustained prosperity.
COUNTERFACTUAL DEPENDENCE, BOUNDARY AND RESOURCE DEPENDENCE
This study employs counterfactual dependence to explore boundary interactions in resource dependency research. Using set-theoretic operations—union, intersection, and complement—we examine how boundaries evolve when interdependence precedes and shapes non-equity relationships. We propose that when interdependence changes non-equity relations, counterfactual dependence adjusts boundary interactions at union (dichotomy) and intersection (clopen) operations. Additionally, counterfactual dependence facilitates consensus through transitive causation while maintaining dissensus, influencing boundary interactions at union. In cases of persistent dissensus caused by intransitive causation, counterfactual dependence elucidates the complement at union. This research highlights the importance of causal (counterfactual) resource dependence and set theory in advancing the understanding of boundary interactions in international business research.
MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING IN CHILD JUSTICE SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SELECTED JURISDICTIONS
Mental health is an important aspect at every stage of life, from childhood to adolescence and to old age. It is crucial to people’s overall well-being. In various studies that have been conducted, it has been found that a significant number of child offenders experienced some form of mental health problem or issue. This awareness has led to many countries adopting mental health screening as a part of the admission procedure into juvenile institutions. It has been argued that such a practice can benefit child offenders as it not only allows for the early detection of any underlying mental health issues but also assists the relevant authorities in personalising rehabilitation programmes that are unique for each child offender. Little is known about the regulatory approach taken by Malaysia and whether or not the existing practice, if any, is in line with other experienced jurisdictions at the international level. Hence, this article examines the laws and policies regarding mental health screening for child offenders admitted into juvenile institutions in Malaysia with a comparison made with other selected jurisdictions namely the United States of America, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. This study found that significant differences exist between Malaysia and selected jurisdictions such as the timing of mental health screening or the mental health screening tools utilised, and therefore, proposes some measures that can be learned and adopted by Malaysia to improve its child justice system and ensure the well-being of child offenders admitted into juvenile institutions.
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ABU SAYYAF GROUP AND KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM IN SABAH, MALAYSIA, 2000–2023
Since the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the country has faced various traditional security threats. These include the Philippines’ territorial claim over Sabah since 1968 and the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation from 1963 to 1966. However, with the evolving nature of global security, the discourse has expanded to include the non-traditional security threats (NTS). One of Malaysia’s key national security concerns is the prevalence of cross-border crimes, particularly along the maritime borders of Sabah’s east coast. Since 2000, the Malaysian government has implemented security policies to combat kidnapping for ransom (KFR). However, the on-going conflict in the southern Philippines has further complicated the security landscape in the region. This study investigates the role of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in KFR activities from 2020 to 2023. It argues that two primary factors have contributed to the persistence of the KFR: (i) on-going violence in the southern Philippines and (ii) the lucrative nature of the crime. This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing data from interviews with key informants, fieldwork observations, official documents from local authorities, and secondary sources. The findings highlight the growing prominence of NTS as a critical national security concern for Malaysia. Specifically, the study reveals that KFR has gained precedence over traditional security concerns, making it a top priority in Malaysia’s national security agenda.
UNTANGLING CULTURE SHOCK AND WORKPLACE BULLYING USING ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT IN ACHIEVING EXPATRIATE ADAPTATION
Similar to other expatriate destinations, expatriates in Nigeria are susceptible to a myriad of issues. Nevertheless, empirical investigation to curb vicious actions against expatriates in Nigeria has been scarce and scanty. This study was conducted on the notion that organisational support moderates the negative effects of workplace bullying and culture shock on the adaptation of expatriates in Nigeria. It is a quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional study based on responses gathered using a purposive sampling technique from 192 expatriates from 17 countries working in Nigeria. The PLS-SEM path modelling outcomes indicated that both culture shock and workplace bullying negatively and significantly affect both work and non-work domains of expatriate adaptation. On the contrary, the path coefficients and t-values obtained for the moderation of culture shock by organisational support are positive but weak. Consequently, the p-values were not statistically significant and H3 was not supported. The moderation of workplace bullying and adaptation by organisational support was negative and also weak, implying that H4 is also not supported. In order to forestall the burdens of adaptation on expatriates, multinational companies are encouraged to explore various support measures, including cross-cultural training and addressing workplace bullying, to facilitate smooth adaptation for expatriates.
MALAYSIA'S STATE AUTONOMY STATUS IN CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE PARTNERSHIP
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), introduced by Xi Jinping in September 2013, has become a significant component of China's global economic strategy, impacting its numerous partner countries, including Malaysia. This study examines Malaysia's state autonomy in managing its relationship with China within the BRI framework under Anwar Ibrahim's leadership. While the initiative presents economic benefits, Malaysia faces challenges in balancing its autonomy with its strategic and comprehensive engagement in BRI projects. This study employs a qualitative approach, drawing insights from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interviews with government officials, industry experts, and relevant stakeholders, while secondary sources included existing literature, reports, and official documents. The study assesses Malaysia's strategic approach to maintaining autonomy within the BRI partnership, identifies key factors influencing Malaysia's decision-making regarding BRI projects, and examines the broader implications of Malaysia's state autonomy on its economy and national interests. Supported by Anthony Giddens’ structuration framework, the findings shed light on Malaysia's governance strategies and interactions with China under the BRI. By analysing the dynamics of state autonomy in this partnership, the study provides valuable insights of the BRI’s implications for Malaysia's sovereignty, economic development, and foreign policy.
INTERNATIONALISATION OF ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RATIONALES, CHALLENGES, STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES
This study aimed to document, explore, and compare rationales, strategies, and challenges, as well as identify best practices in the internationalisation of several Islamic universities in Indonesia and Malaysia. Drawing on a multiple case study approach, data are sourced by collecting pertinent documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants from public and private Islamic universities in both countries. Data analysis was carried out in two stages. First, the data were analysed separately based on their characteristics. Documents were analysed using document analysis techniques, while data from interviews were examined through thematic analysis. In the second stage, all findings from the first data analysis were collated for a cross-case analysis to identify similarities and differences. The study discovered that both Indonesia and Malaysia aim to address globalisation and enhance their international standing by internationalising their higher education institutions (HEIs). In Indonesia, achieving better academic recognition through internationalisation is a major motivation for Islamic HEIs, especially those seeking a better accreditation status. Although similar motivation is shared by some of the participating Malaysian Islamic HEIs, but achieving academic global prominence has been the major objective of their internationalisation programs. The study also found that the internationalisation strategies of Islamic HEIs in both countries aligned with multiple typologies of internationalisation strategy. However, various challenges hinder the internationalisation efforts of Islamic HEIs in both contexts, including language proficiency, multicultural awareness, the implementation of sustainable and cost-effective internationalisation programs, immigration and international student regulations, as well as inadequate staffing in international offices.
RESOLVING THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA: MEDIATION ON THE SABAH DISPUTE AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC COOPERATION (1986-1998)
Territorial disputes frequently emerge in the wake of new nationstates asserting their sovereignty and expanding their influence. These claims often hinge on the nebulous grounds of historical entitlement and legal precedent. Sixteen years post-independence from the United States, the Philippines formally staked a claim to Sabah in 1962, a move initiated under President Diosdado Macapagal and escalated by the more assertive policies of President Ferdinand Marcos. The main objective of this article is to explore the degree to which socioeconomic cooperation has played a role in rejuvenating and bolstering the Philippines’ foreign relations with Malaysia amidst the Sabah dispute. This historical analysis utilises qualitative methodologies to scrutinise primary and secondary sources, encompassing official records and documents pertinent to the dispute over the Philippines’ claim to Sabah. Despite the long-standing and potentially destabilising territorial dispute over Sabah, the Philippines and Malaysia transitioned from confrontation to collaboration, leading to robust socio-economic ties and increased regional stability within ASEAN. The problem lies in understanding how this diplomatic shift occurred, the strategies employed by the administrations of Presidents Aquino and Ramos in redirecting the focus from territorial claims to mutual economic growth, and the implications of this shift for both the bilateral relationship and the broader ASEAN dynamics. The findings indicate that, in contrast to the approaches of Presidents Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Marcos, Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos skilfully shifted the focus from the Sabah issue to fostering robust socio-economic collaboration. This pivot served as a critical turning point, establishing the foundation for a comprehensive, multi-layered cooperation that is free from the constraints of the Sabah dispute.
LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES AND LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE OF THAI EXPORTERS EXPORTING CUT ORCHID FLOWERS TO VIETNAM
The objectives of the study are to examine the logistics activities of hai cut flower orchid exporters to Vietnam and evaluate their logistics performance across nine logistical operations in three dimensions: cost, time, and reliability. Identifying issues in improving the logistics efficiency of exporters is the key to gaining a competitive edge in exporting. Thai orchid exporters to Vietnam were interviewed in Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, and Samut Sakhon provinces, Thailand’s main orchid production regions, using semi- structured interviews with open-ended questions. Quantitative and logistics management data were collected using the Agricultural Logistics Performance Index (ALPI), which evaluated nine logistics activities in three dimensions. Qualitative data were obtained from conceptual framework inquiries. Inductive analysis was used to study qualitative data, whereas percentages and averages were used to analyse quantitative data. According to the report, exporters performed six logistics tasks but ignored demand forecasting. Furthermore, site selection, warehousing and storage, and reverse logistics were absent. Exporter logistics performance averaged 94.98, with purchasing and procurement performing best at 98.05. Transportation, with an average performance of 90.84, needed the most optimisation. Exporters had the highest logistical reliability at 99.14, followed by cost and time.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION INFLUENCE ON SMEs EXPORT PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA: MEASUREMENT VALIDATION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
This research is aimed at enhancing comprehension and validation of the variables that drive the export performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. Notwithstanding the paucity of evidence regarding the export experiences of SMEs from developing countries in the literature, studying the SME setting is crucial, given its growing significance in enhancing national and global economies. A survey design was used to gather data from owners and managers of Nigerian SMEs that were involved in exports. Based on convenience sampling, 450 questionnaires were distributed. Of this number, 278 valid responses were returned. The study model was assessed via partial least square structural equation modelling (PLSSEM), and the statistical package for social science (SPSS v24) was used for preliminary analysis. The results seem to suggest that the seven-construct measurements-entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, learning orientation, export orientation, export knowledge, access to finance, and export performance are well suited for estimating the variables under investigation in a Nigerian setting. Similarly, the direct relationship between the exogenous and endogenous constructs was positive and significant. The outcomes validated applying the dynamic capability view and its principles to explain the success of the export performance of SMEs in Nigeria.
COVID-19 AND CAPITALIST STRUCTURE: EVALUATING OF WORKING-CLASS INEQUALITY AND POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified global social inequalities and disrupted socio-economic stability, as recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study uses Marxist and critical theoretical frameworks to analyze how the pandemic has exacerbated class struggles and socio-economic disparities, focusing on the working and lower-middle classes in Southeast Asia. Through case studies of Indonesia and Malaysia, the research evaluates national policy responses designed to protect these groups. Employing a descriptive and qualitative methodology, including analysis of official data and media discourse, the study highlights how the pandemic has amplified existing contradictions within capitalist systems, leading to increased job losses and widening labor market inequalities. Despite the introduction of economic stimulus packages, these measures often fail to address the underlying systemic issues of capitalism that perpetuate class exploitation and inequality. The paper critiques the capitalist framework for exacerbating the challenges faced by the working class during the pandemic, arguing that these policies offer only temporary relief without tackling the root causes of socioeconomic disparities. This analysis underscores the need for a more transformative approach to understanding and addressing capitalist dynamics in Southeast Asia.
CLOSING THE GENDER GAP IN THE MINING SECTOR: THE INCLUSIVE PRACTICES
Multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly involved in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) initiative to enhance the quality of life in host countries. Gender equality (SDG 5) is the key focus. This study examines how MNCs in the male-dominated mining industry in Thailand and Laos promote gender equality through their policies and practices. Using a qualitative approach, we investigated the experiences of stakeholders in the mining sector. Our findings reveal significant gender disparities in employment, health, and vocational opportunities. While MNCs are making efforts to address these issues, the complex interplay of stakeholders and cultural factors influences progress. To effectively advance gender equality, this research suggests a shift in focus towards strategies that actively engage women in diverse business roles. Providing women with the necessary skills and knowledge is essential for their growth and empowerment within the mining industry.
THE CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY EFFECT BETWEEN GLOBAL COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE STOCK MARKET RETURN IN MALAYSIA: AN EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL MIXED METHODS APPROACH
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most unparalleled disasters the world has ever seen. Previously, the global community has faced the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), and Severe Acute Respiratory (SARS). However, the tremendous rate of infection created by the global COVID-19 pandemic is unmatchable with its rapid spread all over the world. Therefore, it is considered as a Black Swan event as created previously by the 2008 financial crisis, SARS, and 9/11 terrorist attack. All these events have triggered panic selling that affected the confidence of investors and businesses. Subsequently, stock market performance has affected the choice of investment decisions that translated into stock return. Therefore, this paper was undertaken to investigate the co-integration and causality relationship among global COVID-19 daily infected cases, COVID-19 recoveries rate, COVID-19 death rate, investor sentiment, government policy, foreign exchange rate, Malaysia gold price, and crude oil price towards the KLCI stock market return. This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods approach along with Johansen and Julius Co-Integration and Granger Causality in explaining the Malaysia stock market return. The empirical analysis concluded that COVID-19 daily cases, COVID-19 recoveries rate, government policy and foreign exchange have had a long-term effect in explaining the Malaysia stock return. On the other hand, all the study variables, except for government policy indicated a short-term effect on the Malaysia stock return. This study will contribute significantly to the body of finance literature on the impact of a disease outbreak, with highlights on the considerations of investors on the global COVID-19 pandemic in illuminating the variation of Malaysia stock market returns.
THE HOMO SAPIENS SEAFARER DIASPORA IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHIPELAGO: TRAVERSING TRANSOCEANIC WATERS FROM THE MESOLITHIC TO THE NEOLITHIC ERA
This study delves into the profound impact of waters, seas, and oceans on the historical trajectory of Southeast Asia, challenging the prevailing narratives that have often overlooked the vital contributions of the region’s seafaring ancestors. Traditionally dismissed as mere sources of inspiration, these maritime expanses were instrumental in shaping the transition from traditional kingdoms to modern nationstates in Southeast Asia. While historical theories such as the Out of Yunan and Out of Taiwan paradigms proposed by Western scholars have dominated discussions on the development of traditional civilizations in the Southeast Asian Archipelago (Nusantara), this paper advocates for a Southeast Asia-centric perspective to rectify the marginalization of historical realities. The narrative encompasses the ancient epoch and prehistoric eras marked by the migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens from mainland Asia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the early evolution of maritime civilizations in the region. This exploration highlights the risks and sacrifices made by seafaring communities from B.C. to A.D., as they navigated treacherous waters and stormy weathers to ensure the legacy and continuity of future generations. Far from being trivial, their millennia-long contributions have been likened to “shipwrecks laying at the bottom of the sea in their forgotten watery graves.” By elucidating how these communities utilized seas and oceans as sources of emancipation and development, this study aims to reposition Southeast Asia as an epicentre of civilization, rivalling any in the ancient world. Ultimately, this research provides a nuanced perspective on the region’s maritime history, challenging existing paradigms and contributing to the broader international discourse on the development of civilizations.
REVIEWING THE INDO-PACIFIC POLICY OF FRANCE: CAN GAULLISM SHINE, AND HOW?
In the context of escalating global geopolitical concerns over the Indo-Pacific region, France stands out among its European counterparts for being the earliest state to recognize the region’s significance. This distinction has prompted key research questions in the following three areas: the motivation behind France’s Indo-Pacific policy, whether France’s actions deviate from its Gaullist foreign policy tradition, and the potential effectiveness of these actions. To address these questions, this paper conducted a careful qualitative examination of France’s Indo-Pacific policy development and characteristics. The findings revealed that France’s Indo-Pacific policy is motivated by three key interests, namely security, economy, and leadership. This paper also found that France’s policy actions reflected both a continuation and modification of the Gaullist tradition, evident in President Macron’s mix of cooperation and skepticism toward the United States (US) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Concerning policy effectiveness, France’s status as a regional and middle power implies significant constraints in its physical capabilities, which hinder its ability to alleviate tension arising from the US–China competition, the dominant forces shaping the regional political-economic dynamics. Nevertheless, France’s expanding presence and enhanced softpower influence in the Indo-Pacific region have the potential to yield increased bargaining leverage in its interaction with the US and China.
“NEW REGIONALISM” IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION (MENA): AN EVALUATION ON ITS CHARACTERISTICS
In the late twentieth century, regional dynamics in international relations reemerged, sparking a renewed interest, as evidenced by the emergence of the term “new regionalism.” The global economy has become increasingly defined by regionalism. Both developed and developing countries are turning to regional cooperation as a vital tool to counter global challenges and issues. This study aims to analyse the features of “new regionalism” in the context of the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). The study begins by identifying and explaining the key features of “new regionalism” that facilitate cooperation between countries. It then evaluates and examines the following features of regionalism in the MENA region: 1) geographical proximity; 2) trade liberalisation; 3) economic interdependence; 4) non-discrimination; and 5) unilateral reform. To analyse the current status of regionalism in the MENA region and clarify the level and extent of cooperation, the research method proposes utilising a set of indicators to refer to each of these features. The research findings are summarised below: Despite some encouraging signs of regional cooperation in the MENA region, it is distinguished by slow free trade, a weak regional import-export process, unclear unilateral reform, and a lack of collaboration.