Human Rights in Xinjiang 1978-2007: Internationalisation of the Uyghur Dilemma and China’s Reaction

Pengarang

  • Roy Anthony Rogers Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2011.7.8

Kata kunci:

Human Rights, Muslim Uyghurs, Xinjiang, Chinese Policy

Abstrak

Since 1978 when Deng Xiaoping took over the leadership of China after the demise of Mao Zedong in 1976, the country witnessed dramatic changes in the human rights situation. These included freedom in performing religious obligations such as pilgrimage, for the Muslim Uyghurs and freedom to practice their culture and language. Hence, there was an overall improvement in human rights situation in Xinjiang province. However, in the late 1990s the Chinese Communist Party reverted to harsh policies once again. They declared the policy of ‘Strike Hard’ which sanctioned the use of torture and arbitrary detention as well as extra-judicial killings of the Uyghurs. This article examines the factors that have influenced China’s policies on the human rights condition in Xinjiang from 1978 until 2007. It also analyses the role of Uyghur diasporas in their struggle to internationalise the human rights issues in Xinjiang and China’s reaction towards the international pressures.

 

Rujukan

Ahmed Rashid. (2002). The resurgence of Central Asia. London: Penguin.

Ahmad Lutfi. (2001). Blowback: China and the Afghan Arabs. Issues & Studies, 37(1), 180. Amnesty International, Library China: Women’s rights action 2000 arbitrary detention of

Rebiya Kadeer a women’s human rights defender and prisoner of conscience. (2000). Retrieved from http://web.amnesty.org

Amnesty International. (1999). Open Letter from Amnesty International to EU Government on the Eve of EU-China Human Rights Dialogue. Beijing Review. (13-19 February 1994). China’s ‘War on Terrorism’-Brutal repression of ethnic unrest in Xinjiang. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/aug2002/chin-a08.shtml China’s changing strategic concerns: The impact on human rights in Xinjiang. (2005). Washington DC: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China.

Clarke, M. (2009). China, Xinjiang and Central Asia: History, transition and crossborder interaction into the 21st century, London: Routledge.

Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. (1982). Fith national congress of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing.

Dillon, M. (2009). Contemporary China an introduction. New York: Routledge.

Dreyer, J. T. (1976). China’s political system: Modernization and tradition. London: MacMillan Press.

Dreyer, J. T. (1976). China’s forty millions: Minority nationalities and national integration in the People’s Republic of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Forbes A. (1996). The Muslim national minorities of China. Religion, 6, 69.

Gladney, D. C. (2004). Dislocating China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Human Rights in Xinjiang: Recent developments. (2009). Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. Washington DC. http://jis.uum.edu.my

Kent, A. (1993). Between freedom and subsistence China and human rights. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Kostreewa, T. K. (April 1996). Separatist nationalism in Xinjiang (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Department of Government Studies, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Mahesh Ranjan Debata. (2007). China’s minorities ethnic-Religious separatism in Xinjiang, New Delhi: Pentagon Press.

Majie, Zhu. (2002). Deng Xiaoping’s human rights theory. In Yu Xintian (Ed.), Cultural Impact on International Relations, Cultural heritage and contemporary change series III, Asia, 20, 79–89. The Council for Research in Values and Philosphy. Washington DC.

McMillen, D. (1979). Chinese communist power and policy in Xinjiang. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Millward, J. A. (2005). Eurasian Crossroads a History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.

Nathan, A. J. (1994). Human rights in Chinese foreign policy. The China Quarterly, 139, 641.

Rogers, R. A. (2007). The Shanghai cooperation organisation China and the new great game in Central Asia. Journal of International Studies, 3, 93.

Shichor, Yitzhak. (2002). Virtual Transnationalism: Uyghur communities in Europe and the quest for Eastern Turkistan Independence. (Unpublished paper). Special Report about the human rights situation in Eastern Turkistan for the period of

January-May 2002. (2010,February 19). Retrieved form http://uyghur.org UAA urges PRC to adhere to International Legal Norms. Retrieved from http://www. uyghuramerican.org//articles/1569/1/UAA. Xinhua.(2, March 1994; 21 January,1 February, 6 February, 2002).

Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook. (2005). Beijing: Beijing Information Press. Roy Anthony Rogers

Yusuf, Liu Baojn. (1998). A glance of China Muslims. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Encyclopedia Research Center Berhad. War on Terror or Misguided Muscle?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stanleyfoundation. org http://jis.uum.edu.my

Wei, Cuiyi. (1993). An historical survey of modern Uighur writing since the 1950s in Xinjiang, China. Central Asia Journal, 37(4), 270.

Wei, Zhou. (1995). There study of human rights in the people’s Republic of China in Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific Region, edited by James T.H. Tang, New York: Pinter.

Diterbitkan

2011-12-11

Cara Memetik

Rogers, R. A. (2011). Human Rights in Xinjiang 1978-2007: Internationalisation of the Uyghur Dilemma and China’s Reaction. Journal of International Studies, 7, 135-156. https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2011.7.8

Artikel yang paling banyak dibaca oleh pengarang yang sama