The Background and Causes of Refugee Problems in Afghanistan

Authors

  • Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan Faculty of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2005.1.3

Abstract

Afghanistan is a country that produces the world's largest single group of refugee emergencies in the world. The causes of refugee flows in Afghanistan are believed to be due to domestic as well as external factors. Domestic factors like local government and different ideologies and external factors such as foreign dominations, have caused conflicts which later led to the flow of refugees in Afghanistan. However, external factors such as foreign domination, have triggered higher flow of refugees in the country. Due to this complexity, the refugee problems still exist. Thus, an understanding on the causes of refugee flow is crucial because the refugee problems need to be tackled from the roots and subsequently this can minimize the problems. Afghanistan is the focal analysis because it produces the largest single group of refugees in the world. The statistics of refugees from Afghanistan are gathered from various sources but mainly from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The statistics are presented from the 1970s until 2003. A general background of refugee numbers from Afghanistan is presented.

 

References

ABIM/PKPIM. (1989). AFGHANISTAN. Dawn of A New Era. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Datuk Keramat Sdn Bhd.

Agwani, M.S. (1981). The Saur Revolution And After. In Misra, K.P (Ed.). Afghanistan in Crisis. New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

Bridgot, Andre., & Roy, Oliver. (1988). The War in Afghanistan. An Account and Analysis of the Country, Its People, Soviet Intervention and the Resistance. New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Hyman, Anthony. (1992). Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination 1964-1991. London :Macmillan Academic and Professional.

Olesen, Asta. (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. Surrey : Curzon Press.

Rasayanagam, Angelo.(2003). Afghanistan A Modern History. Monarchy, Despotism or Democracy ? The Problems of Governance in the Muslim Tradition. New York : I.B. Tauris.

Rashid, Ahmed. (2001). TALIBAN. Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London : I.B. Tauris

Tahir Amin. (1982). Afghanistan Crisis: Implications and Options for Muslim World, Iran and Pakistan. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies.

United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees. (2000).The State of The World's Refugees. Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Vogelsang, William. (2002). The Afghans. United Kingdom : Blackwell. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951, C md. 8465. Retrieved January 12, 1999, from http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/legal/instrume/asylum/ 195leng.htm 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, ULN.TS. 45, entered into force June 20, 1974. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from http://www 1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z2arcon.htm i= Journal of International Studies - July / December 2005 Amnesty International. Afghanistan : Refugees from Afghanistan : The world’s largest single refugee group. Library Online Documentation Archive. 1 November 1999. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ engASA110161999

Bolewski, Luise Druke. (1987).Causes of Refugee Problems and the International Response. A Proceeding of a conference held in Montreal, November 29 - December 2 1987. Harvard Univesity. Retrieved March 31, 2004, from http://www.luisedruke.com/luise/causes_of_refugees.htm

Herold, Mare W.(2002). A Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States’ Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan : A Comprehensive Accounting [revised]. U.S.A: University of New Hampshire. Retrieved April 29, 2004, from http://www.cursor_org/stories/ civilian_deaths.htm Scholdan, Bettina. Addressing the root causes: Relief and development assistance between peace building and preventing refugee flows. The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. 3 July 2000. Retrieved June 20, 2005, from http://www. jha.ac/articles/ a058.htm UNHCR.Global Refugee Trends 1 January —31 March 2003. Populations, New Arrivals and Durable Solutions in 80 Asylum Countries. Retrieved March 29, 2004, from http://www.unher.ch

UNHCR. Refugees by Numbers 2001. 2 Oct 2001. Retrieved March 28, 2004, from http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb/nsf/0/29add27 1b5b47 1d085256a

UNHCR. Refugees by Numbers 2002. Retrieved March 28, 2004, from http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/idp/pdfs/unhcr_2002.pdf

UNHCR. Refugees by Numbers 2003. Retrieved March 28,2004, from http://www.unhcr.org.uk/info/briefings/statistics/documents/numb2003.pdf

U.S Committee For Refugees.(2001).PAKISTAN. Afghan Refugees Shunned and Scorned. Retrieved March 10, 2004, from http://www.refugees.org/downloads/ Pakistan.pdf Journal of International Studies - July / December 2005

Downloads

Published

12-12-2005

How to Cite

Ahmad Zakuan, U. A. (2005). The Background and Causes of Refugee Problems in Afghanistan. Journal of International Studies, 1, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2005.1.3

Most read articles by the same author(s)