TY - JOUR AU - Stark, Jan PY - 2020/01/05 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Knowledge Transfer, Modernization and Bilateral Linkages between the Middle East and Southeast Asia JF - Journal of International Studies JA - JIS VL - 5 IS - 0 SE - Articles DO - UR - https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/7894 SP - 124-141 AB - <div>Relations between the Middle East and Southeast Asia have for many&nbsp;centuries&nbsp;been described as an one-sided relationship where the&nbsp;scriptural&nbsp;and religion-wise dominant Middle East has&nbsp;"enlightened"&nbsp;the&nbsp;"syncretistic"&nbsp;Southeast Asia with its oral and lax Sufi and HinduBuddhist traditions. Southeast Asian students&nbsp;studying&nbsp;in Cairo have enforced this perception since the 19th century&nbsp;- the Islamic resurgence of the 1980s was the last one to import perceived&nbsp;"Arab"&nbsp;ideas across the continent and into the "Lands behind the Wind". However, recently there has been a tremendous change in this&nbsp;relationship,&nbsp;where modernizing discourses on Islam and numerous trade initiatives of the&nbsp;"Asian&nbsp;Tiger States" like Malaysia and Singapore have&nbsp;started&nbsp;to influence and&nbsp;even&nbsp;dominate emerging dialogues&nbsp;with&nbsp;rather stagnant Middle Eastern partners. Knowledge on Islamic banking, on halal food trading ER -