TY - JOUR AU - Abdul Rahim, Radziah PY - 2020/01/05 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Consular Relations: A Complex and often Misunderstood Peoples' Service JF - Journal of International Studies JA - JIS VL - 2 IS - 0 SE - Articles DO - UR - https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/7849 SP - 1-22 AB - <div>Consular relations are as essential in inter-state relation as diplomatic relations, although theirs&nbsp;are&nbsp;focussed on&nbsp;servicing&nbsp;the people or corporate bodies overseas. Nevertheless, the conduct of consular relations is not as simple as most people think for prior to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (hereinafter, VCCR), 1963, there existed numerous consular treaties. Nor does the service receive as much attention as diplomatic relations. This article examines the factors that gave rise to these&nbsp;situations,&nbsp;which were traced as far back to ancient times with the implementation of the&nbsp;"personality&nbsp;of laws". The emergence of the modem European&nbsp;states&nbsp;had not diminished the practice of providing "customised" jurisdiction for consular&nbsp;agents&nbsp;or officers although&nbsp;states&nbsp;have become more territorial. Conscious effort to bring about some uniformity in consular law and, thus, reduce the confusion that arose from the diversified consular&nbsp;functions&nbsp;and jurisdiction came about only in the twentieth century.</div><p>&nbsp;</p> ER -