Comparative Studies on Strategies for Combating Corruption between Nigeria and Iraq

Ibrahim Kawuley  Mikail; Saad Sahi  Abbas; Norafidah Bint  Ismail; Mohammed Ainudden I.Lee  Ibn Abdullah

doi:10.32890/jgd2017.13.2.2

Authors

Ibrahim Kawuley Mikail Federal College of Education, Zaria-Nigeria, Nigeria
Saad Sahi Abbas Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Norafidah Bint Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Mohammed Ainudden I.Lee Ibn Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/jgd2017.13.2.2

Keywords:

Comparative studies, Corruption, Strategies for combating corruption, anti-grafts institutions, Nigeria, Iraq

Abstract

Corruption is the great ailment that disturbed most of the nation states
across the globe, its predicament is worst in the developing states than
developed one. The sinister of corrupt practices have attracted the attention
of international community to designed some strategies for combating its
menace, this has adversely makes the member states to masterminds their
strategies or review the existent one for enhancing probity, accountability
and national development. This study compares the strategies for combating
corruption between Nigeria and Iraq. The study employed qualitative
techniques through interview method in obtaining data from the stakeholders,
academics and politicians. The study revealed that both Nigeria and Iraq
have institutional strategies for fighting against grafts in their country. It
was also revealed that the strategies are effective in Nigeria while they
are ineffective in Iraq; it also pointed that all strategies were facing some
challenges such as autonomy, political interference, and funding, inadequate
staff among others. The paper recommends that the anti-grafts institutions
should be strengthen, holistic approach, and enhancing political will towards
discarding the above challenges facing the institutions. The role of the media
and civil society should also be recognized in fighting against corruption in
their respective states.

References

Achebe, C. (1988). Fraud and Corruption the Trouble with Nigeria: Enugu Fourth Dimension Publisher.

Adagba, S. O. (2012). Evaluation of Performance of Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) and Code of Conduct Tribunal in Combating Corruption in Nigerian Public Service. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Submitted to the Department of Public Administration ABU, Zaria-Nigeria.

Agator, M. (2013). Iraq: overview of corruption and anti-corruption. U4 Expert Answer. U4 Anti-Corruption Centre and Transparency International.374(5). Retrieved from http://www.u4.no/ publications/iraq-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption/ downloadasset/3106

Agubamah, E. (2009), Corruption in Civilian and Military Regimes in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis, in Enweremadu, D. U and Okafor E. E. (Eds) Anti-Corruption Reforms in Nigeria since 1999: Issues and Challenges and the Way Forward Ibadan: IFRA Special Research Issue Vol. 3 Pp. 81-89.

Akhakpe,I.I. (2014) “Bureaucracy and Good Governance”. Lagos: Pumark Nigeria Ltd

Aluko, M. A. O. (2002). The Institutionalization of Corruption and its Impact on Political Culture and Behaviour in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 11 (3) PP 393-402

Amadi, L. and Alapiki, H. (2012). Re-inventing Anti-Corruption Strategies for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges and Policy Options. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Vol.14 no. PP.156-173.

Annan, K. (2004). “Forward in United Nations Convention Against Corruption” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UN, New York City.

Bajalan, C. (2014). Effective Legal and Practical Measures to Combat Corruption in iraq. Participants Paper No.80 21.

Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and Development: a review of issues. Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 35 PP.1320-1346. Available at www. jstor.org/stable. Accessed on 12th may, 2015.

Bello-Imam, I.B. (2015). The War Against Corruption in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects (2nd Revised edition) College Press, Ibadan-Nigeria.

Bond, D. (2014). Qatar World Cup: £3million Payments to Officials Corruption claim available at www.bbc.com/sport/o/football. Accessed on 9th May, 2015.

Chiwunze, G. (2014). Corruption in Africa: Implications for Development. Available at www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php. Accessed on 19th May, 2015.

Drucker, F. P. (2006). “The Effective Executive: The Definitive Guide to Getting the Right Things Done. New York: Collins.

Egbue, N. G. (2007). Africa: Cultural Dimensions of Corruption and Possibilities for Change. Journal of Social Sciences, 12 (2): 83-91.

Enweremadu, D.U. (2012). Anti-Corruption Campaign in Nigeria (1999-2007) The Politics of Failed Reform. African Studies Centre Leiden Vol. 1.

Gashinbaki, I.B. (2013).Anti-corruption: An evaluation of Strategies, Legislations and Systems in Nigeria. Available at www.commentary. com/nigeria.htm accessed on 27th May, 2015.

Hammed, S. (2014). The Costs of Corruption Strategies for Ending Tax on Private Sector led Growth. A Report of the CSIS Project on Prosperity and Development. Rowman & Littlefield, UK.

Harding, L. (2016). What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history’s biggest data leak. The guardiannews. Available at: www.theguardian. com/news/2016/apr/03/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-panama-papers. Retrieved 22nd April, 2017.

IMF (2016). Corruption: Costs and Mitigating Strategies IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/16/05. Available at: www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/sdn/160pdf. Retrieved 21st April, 2017.

Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 60(3): 681-712.

Mikail, I.K. (2016). “Corruption and Nigerian Political Economy”. UUM Press Penerbit UUM Malaysia.

Mikail, I.K. (2017). Towards Improving the Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigerian Democratic Era. Paper presented at 3rd International Conference on Elections and Democracy organized by the Department of Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak from 19th -20th April, 2017.

Idris, M. (2011). Assessment the Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Institutions in the Federal Public Service of Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Dissertation in Public Administration, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria.

Igbuzor, O. (2008). Strategies for Winning Corruption the Anti-Corruption War in Nigeria. Action Aid Nigeria Briefing Paper No.2

Justine, I.I.C, and Okoye, J.C. (2014). Anti-Corruption Crusade in Nigeria. A more words than Deeds. International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research No.1 (2) PP.47-63.

Kolajo, A.A. (2002). Layman’s Guide to Criminal Law and Anti-Corruption Law. Ibadan spectrums Books.

Lambsdorff, J.G. (2008) The Methodology of the Corruption Perception Index, 2008 available at www.transparency.org.com accessed 12th May 2015.

Lawal, T. and Victor K.O. (2012). Combating Corruption in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences. Vol.1 no.4 PP.1-7.

Lawder, D. (2016). IMF: Global Corruption costs trillions in bribes lost growth available at: www. reuters.com/article/US-imf-corruption-iduskcnoy22by. Retrieved 21st April, 2017.

Lumumba, P.LO. (2013). “The Keynote speech on African Corruption”. At the 3rd Anti-Corruption Convention on 2nd December, 2013 at Africana Hotel Kampala Uganda.

Oby Ezekwesili, O. (2012). “Corruption, national development, the Bar, and the Bench” A Paper presented at the 2012 Nigeria Bar Association Conference, Abuja on 28 August, 2012.

Owens, E. (1987). The Future of Freedom in the Developing World: Economic Development as Political Reform, New York, and Pergamon Press.

Pabia, I. (2013). Combating Public Sector Corruption in Ghana: The Case of the Public Procurement Act (2003) Act 663. Unpublished M Phil Thesis submitted to the University of Ghana Legon-Ghana.

Pedraza, J.M. (2014). What is Organizational effectiveness? How an Organization can be achieve it. Available at www.reserachgate.net/ post/whatis-organizational-effectiveness-How-an-organization-could-achieve-it Retrieved on 25th June, 2016.

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge University Press.

Saleh, S. (2014). Challenges in Combating corruption and fixing Accountability: in Iraq’s Perspective. International Journal of Business and social sciences Vol.5 No.13 Pp.64-70.

Sawaan, H.K. (2012). The corruption of political elites in Iraq – an economic analysis, Contemporary Arab Affairs, 5:1, 107-127

Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013). “Research Methods for Business”. John Wiley and Sons Limited United Kingdom.

Siddique, N.A. (2010).Combating Corruption and Managing Integrity in Malaysia: A Critical Overview of Recent Strategies and Initiatives. Public Organize Rev.10 PP.158-171.

Shehu, A.Y. (2015). “Nigeria the Way Through to Corruption to the well-being of a People”. National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos.

Sheikh Ismail, S.F. (2017). How to Conduct your Literature Review Effectively. A Paper Presented at Academic Research Workshop on 29th March, 2017 at PUSAT ISLAM Universti Utara Malaysia.

Treiman Daniel (2000). “The Causes of Corruption: Across National Study”. Public Economics 76, no 3,399-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0047-2727(99)00092-4.

UNDOC (2013) Corruption and integrity in challenges in the public sector of Iraq: an evidence based study United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Development Programme Iraq Central Statistical Office of Iraq Kurdistan Regional Statistical Office Commission of Integrity January 2013.

Waziri, F. (2010). Chairman’s Opening Remarks in Conference Proceedings on Corruption and Governance: Challenges in Nigeria. Cleen Foundation Monograph Series No.7.