Family Value and Corporate Transparency: Socio-Emotional Wealth’s Role in ESG Reporting

Authors

  • Richard Seow Yeaw Chong Pôle Paris Alternance (PPA) Business School, Paris, France

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/jes2025.7.2.4

Keywords:

ESG disclosure, family business, family involvement, socio-emotional wealth theory, stakeholder theory

Abstract

As the global emphasis on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) transparency intensifies, the interaction between ESG and the socio-emotional wealth (SEW) of family-controlled firms (FCFs), particularly in developing countries, remains somewhat obscure. This study delves into the dynamics between socio-emotional wealth theory and stakeholder theory to examine how Malaysian FCFs align and incorporate family SEW into their ESG disclosure practices. Utilizing weighted least squares regression to analyze data from 2018 to 2022, the research uncovers that Malaysian FCFs enhance ESG transparency in a manner that aligns with their family’s SEW, primarily facilitated by family chairmen rather than family CEOs. Conversely, the presence of family executive directors was found to inversely affect ESG reporting. This investigation significantly advances the field of family business and ESG studies by shedding light on the subtle yet impactful roles FCFs play in advancing ESG transparency and the complexities of family involvement in ESG reporting.

References

Åberg, C., & Shen, W. (2020). Can Board Leadership Contribute to Board Dynamic Managerial Capabilities? An Empirical Exploration Among Norwegian Firms. Journal of Management and Governance, 24(1), 169–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10997-019-09460-6

Adams, R. B., Almeida, H., & Ferreira, D. (2005). Powerful CEOs and Their Impact on Corporate Performance. Review of Financial Studies, 18(4), 1403–1432. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhi030

Al Amosh, H., & Khatib, S. F. A. (2021). Ownership Structure and Environmental, Social and Governance Performance Disclosure: The Moderating Role of the Board Independence. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 2(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-07-2021-0094

Al-Absy, M. S. M., Ku Ismail, K. N. I., & Chandren, S. (2019). Audit Committee Chairman Characteristics and Earnings Management. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 11(4), 339–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-10-2018-0188 Al-Balas, M., Al-Balas, H. I., Jaber, H. M., Obeidat, K., Al-Balas, H., Aborajooh, E. A., Al-Taher, R., &

Al-Balas, B. (2020). Distance Learning in Clinical Medical Education Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Jordan: Current Situation, Challenges, and Perspectives. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02257-4

Al-Dhamari, R., Alquhaif, A. S., & Al-Gamrh, B. A. (2022). Modelling the Impact of Audit/remuneration Committee Overlap on Debtholders’ Perceptions of Accounting Information Quality: The Role of CEO Power. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(3), 2898–2920. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJFE.2304

Al-Duais, S. D., Qasem, A., Wan-Hussin, W. N., Bamahros, H. M., Thomran, M., & Alquhaif, A. (2021). CEO Characteristics, Family Ownership and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: The Case of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 13(21), 12237. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU132112237

Alhomoud, F. K., Basil, M., & Bondarev, A. (2016). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Relating to Dietary Supplements Among Health Sciences and Non-health Sciences Students in One of the Universities of United Arab Emirates (UAE). Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(9), JC05–JC09. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/19300.8439

Alkayed, H., & Omar, B. F. (2022). Determinants of the Extent and Quality of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in the Industrial and Services Sectors: The Case of Jordan. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1206–1245. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-05-2021-0133

Alsaadi, A. (2021). Family Ownership and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 51(2), 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2021.1904661

Al-Tabbaa, O., Nasr, A., Zahoor, N., & De Silva, M. (2023). Socio-emotional Wealth Preservation and Alliance Success in Family Firms: The Role of Political Instability and Alliance Management Capability. British Journal of Management, 34(2), 915–941. https://doi.org/10.1111/14678551.12626

Altarawneh, M., Shafie, R., & Ishak, R. (2020). CEO Characteristics: A Literature Review and Future Directions. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(1), 1–10.

Aman, Z., Saleh, N. M., Shukor, Z. A., & Jaffar, R. (2021). The Moderating Effect of Board Independence on the Relationship between Family Ownership and Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Malaysia.

GATR Accounting and Finance Review, 5(4), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.35609/afr.2021.5.4(4)

Appuhami, R., & Tashakor, S. (2017). The Impact of Audit Committee Characteristics on CSR Disclosure: An Analysis of Australian Firms. Australian Accounting Review, 27(4), 400–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/AUAR.12170

Arif, M., Sajjad, A., Farooq, S., Abrar, M., & Joyo, A. S. (2020). The Impact of Audit Committee Attributes on the Quality and Quantity of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Disclosures. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 21(3), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-06-2020-0243

Avramov, D., Cheng, S., Lioui, A., & Tarelli, A. (2022). Sustainable Investing with ESG Rating Uncertainty. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(2), 642–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFINECO.2021.09.009

Bağiş, M., Kryeziu, L., Kurutkan, M. N., Krasniqi, B. A., Yazici, O., & Memili, E. (2023). Topics, Trends and Theories in Family Business Research: 1996–2020. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 19(4), 1855–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00904-y Bamahros, H. M., Alquhaif, A., Qasem, A., Wan-Hussin, W. N., Thomran, M., Al-Duais, S. D., Shukeri,

S. N., & Khojally, H. M. A. (2022). Corporate Governance Mechanisms and ESG Reporting: Evidence from the Saudi Stock Market. Sustainability, 14(10), 6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU14106202

Bansal, S., Lopez-Perez, M. V., & Rodriguez-Ariza, L. (2018). Board Independence and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: The Mediating Role of the Presence of Family Ownership. Administrative Sciences, 8(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI8030033

Berg, F., Kölbel, J. F., & Rigobon, R. (2022). Aggregate Confusion: The Divergence of ESG Ratings. Review of Finance, 26(6), 1315–1344. https://doi.org/10.1093/ROF/RFAC033

Berrone, P., Cruz, C., Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Larraza-Kintana, M. (2010). Socioemotional Wealth and Corporate Responses to Institutional Pressures: Do Family-controlled Firms Pollute Less? Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 82–113. https://doi.org/10.2189/ASQU.2010.55.1.

Berrone, P., Duran, P., Gómez-Mejía, L., Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., Kostova, T., & van Essen, M. (2020). Impact of Informal Institutions on the Prevalence, Strategy, and Performance of Family Firms: A Meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies 2020 53:6, 53(6), 1153–1177. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41267-020-00362-6

Bhatia, S., & Marwaha, D. (2022). The Influence of Board Factors and Gender Diversity on the ESG Disclosure Score: A Study on Indian Companies. Global Business Review, 23(6), 1544–1557. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509221132067

Block, J. H., & Wagner, M. (2014). The Effect of Family Ownership on Different Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Large US Firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(7), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.1798

BM. (2015). Bursa Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Guide.

BM. (2022). PLCT Guidebook 2 on Sustainable, Socially Responsible, and Ethical PLCs. https://www.bursamalaysia.com/sites/5d809dcf39fba22790cad230/assets/62a1a28539fba243eb321 d31/20220609_BURSA_Book_2_Sustainable__Socially_Responsible_and_Ethical_PLCs_vF.pdf

Cabeza-García, L., Sacristán-Navarro, M., & Gómez-Ansón, S. (2017). Family Involvement and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2017.04.002

Campopiano, G., & De Massis, A. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: A Content Analysis in Family and Non-family Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(3), 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-014-2174-Z

Campopiano, G., Rinaldi, F. R., Sciascia, S., & De Massis, A. (2019). Family and Non-family Women on the Board of Directors: Effects on Corporate Citizenship Behavior in Family-controlled Fashion Firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.12.319

Cao, F., Li, S., Dai, M., & Li, J. (2023). Your Heart is Where Your Treasure is: Family Chairman and Tax Avoidance in Family-controlled Firms. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.09.003

Cennamo, C., Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional Wealth and Proactive Stakeholder Engagement: Why Family–Controlled Firms Care More about their Stakeholders.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1153–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.15406520.2012.00543.X

Chandren, S., Qaderi, S. A., & Ghaleb, B. A. A. (2021). The Influence of the Chairman and CEO Effectiveness on Operating Performance: Evidence from Malaysia. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1935189

Chebbi, K., & Ammer, M. A. (2022). Board Composition and ESG Disclosure in Saudi Arabia: The Moderating Role of Corporate Governance Reforms. Sustainability, 14(19), 12173. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU141912173

Christensen, D. M., Serafeim, G., & Sikochi, A. (2022). Why is Corporate Virtue in the Eye of The Beholder? The Case of ESG Ratings. The Accounting Review, 97(1), 147–175. https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2019-0506

Chung, R., Bayne, L., & Birt, J. L. (2024). Determinants of ESG Disclosure Among Listed Firms Under Voluntary and Mandatory ESG Disclosure Regimes in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 25(4), 812–836. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-07-2022-0179

Cicchiello, A. F., Marrazza, F., & Perdichizzi, S. (2023). Non‐financial Disclosure Regulation and Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance: The Case of EU and US Firms. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(3), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2408

Clément, A., Robinot, É., & Trespeuch, L. (2025). The Use of ESG Scores in Academic Literature: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 19(1), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10-2022-0147

Cordazzo, M., Bini, L., & Marzo, G. (2020). Does the EU Directive on Non-financial Information Influence the Value Relevance of ESG Disclosure? Italian Evidence. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(8), 3470–3483. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.2589

Dabbebi, A., Lassoued, N., & Khanchel, I. (2022). Peering Through the Smokescreen: ESG Disclosure and CEO Personality. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(7), 3147–3164. https://doi.org/10.1002/MDE.3587

Darus, F., Arshad, R., Othman, S., & Jusoff, K. (2009). Influence of Institutional Pressure and Ownership Structure on Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 1(5), 123–150.

Davila, J., Duran, P., Gómez-Mejía, L., & Sanchez-Bueno, M. J. (2023). Socioemotional Wealth and Family Firm Performance: A Meta-analytic Integration. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 14(2), 100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2022.100536

Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward A Stewardship Theory of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.2307/259223

Delmas, M. A., & Gergaud, O. (2014). Sustainable Certification for Future Generations: The Case of Family Business. Family Business Review, 27(3), 228–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514538651

Dempere, J., & Abdalla, S. (2023). The Impact of Women’s Empowerment on the Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure. Sustainability, 15(10), 8173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108173

Diéguez-Soto, J., Campos-Valenzuela, M., Callejón-Gil, Á. M., & Aldeanueva-Fernández, I. (2021). Family Firm Heterogeneity on CSR Approach: A Socio-emotional (SEW) Perspective. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 234094442110638. https://doi.org/10.1177/23409444211063889

El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Wang, H., & Kwok, C. C. Y. (2016). Family Control and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Banking & Finance, 73, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.08.008

Ellili, N. O. D. (2023). Impact of Corporate Governance on Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure: Any Difference Between Financial and Non-financial Companies? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(2), 858–873. https://doi.org/10.1002/CSR.2393

Espinosa-Méndez, C., Maquieira, C. P., & Arias, J. T. (2023). The Impact of ESG Performance on the Value of Family Firms: The Moderating Role of Financial Constraints and Agency Problems. Sustainability, 15(7), 6176. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076176

Ezat, A. N., Bekheet, M. N., Hendaoui, A. A., & Faramawi, F. A. A. (2020). Family-Related Antecedents and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2017.11.006

Fodio, M. I., Alhassan, A. S., & Bello, M. B. (2021). Effect of Board Capabilities on Environmental, Social and Governance Disclosure Practices of Listed Non-financial Firms in Nigeria. Lafia Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 6(1), 121–140.

Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman.

Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory: Learning From Each Other. Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.4468/2017.1.02FREEMAN.DMYTRIYEV

Fuadah, L. L., Mukhtaruddin, M., Andriana, I., & Arisman, A. (2022). The Ownership Structure, and the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure, Firm Value and Firm Performance: The Audit Committee as Moderating Variable. Economies, 10(12), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECONOMIES10120314

García-Sánchez, I. M., Martín-Moreno, J., Khan, S. A., & Hussain, N. (2021). Socio-emotional Wealth and Corporate Responses to Environmental Hostility: Are Family Firms More Stakeholder Oriented? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(2), 1003–1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.2666 García‐Sánchez, I., Martín‐Moreno, J., Khan, S. A., & Hussain, N. (2021). Socio‐emotional Wealth and Corporate Responses to Environmental Hostility: Are Family Firms More Stakeholder Oriented? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(2), 1003–1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2666

Giannarakis, G. (2014). Corporate Governance and Financial Characteristic Effects on the Extent of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Social Responsibility Journal, 10(4), 569–590. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-02-2013-0008

Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., & Castro, J. De. (2011). The Bind that Ties: Socioemotional Wealth Preservation in Family Firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653–707. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.593320

Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106–137. https://doi.org/10.2189/ASQU.52.1.106

Gómez-Mejía, L. R., & Herrero, I. (2022). Back to Square One: The Measurement of Socioemotional Wealth (SEW). Journal of Family Business Strategy, 13(4), 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2021.100480

Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Mendoza-Lopez, A., Cruz, C., Duran, P., & Aguinis, H. (2023). Socioemotional Wealth in Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Contexts: The Case of Family Firms in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 100551. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2022.100551

Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Neacsu, I., & Martin, G. (2017). CEO Risk-taking and Socioemotional Wealth: The Behavioral Agency Model, Family Control, and CEO Option Wealth. Journal of Management, 45(4), 1713–1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317723711

Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Nuñez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. (2017). The Role of Family Ties in Agency Contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069338

Gurol, B., & Lagasio, V. (2023). Women Board Members’ Impact on ESG Disclosure with Environment and Social Dimensions: Evidence from the European Banking Sector. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(1), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-08-2020-0308

Habbash, M. (2016). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Social Responsibility Journal, 12(4), 740–754. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-072015-0088

Habshah, M., Sani, M., & Arasan, J. (2018). Robust Heteroscedasticity Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator based on Robust Mahalanobis Distance and Diagnostic Robust Generalized Potential Weighting Methods in Linear Regression. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 17(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1530279855

Halunga, A. G., Orme, C. D., & Yamagata, T. (2017). A Heteroskedasticity Robust Breusch–Pagan Test for Contemporaneous Correlation in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 198(2), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECONOM.2016.12.005

Hermawan, A., & Gunardi, A. (2019). Motivation for Disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Banking Industry in Indonesia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(3), 1297–1306. https://doi.org/10.9770/JESI.2019.6.3(17)

Hernández-Linares, R., Sarkar, S., & López-Fernández, M. C. (2017). How has the Family Firm Literature Addressed Its Heterogeneity Through Classification Systems? An Integrated Analysis. European Journal of Family Business, 7(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJFB.2017.06.003

Heubeck, T. (2024). Walking on the Gender Tightrope: Unlocking ESG Potential Through CEOs’ Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Board Composition. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(3), 2020–2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.3578

Ho, W. K., Mohd Sidik, V. N., Seng, N. F. S., & K.

Suppiah, S. D. (2020). Corporate characteristics and ESG Disclosures in Malaysian Public-listed Companies. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 8(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.73.2020.81.91.109

Ilhan-Nas, T., Okan, T., Tatoglu, E., Demirbag, M., Wood, G., & Glaister, K. W. (2018). Board Composition, Family Ownership, Institutional Distance and the Foreign Equity Ownership Strategies of Turkish MNEs. Journal of World Business, 53(6), 862–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWB.2018.07.006

Ismail, A. M., & Latiff, I. H. M. (2019). Board Diversity and Corporate Sustainability Practices: Evidence on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting. International Journal of Financial Research, 10(3), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.5430/IJFR.V10N3P31

Kamaludin, K., Ibrahim, I., Sundarasen, S., & Faizal, O. (2022). ESG in the Boardroom: Evidence from the Malaysian Market. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 2022 7:1, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40991-022-00072-2

Kim, A., & Lee, Y. (2018). Family Firms and Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from Korean firms. Asia Pacific Business Review, 24(5), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2018.1473323

King, D. R., Meglio, O., Gomez-Mejia, L., Bauer, F., & De Massis, A. (2022). Family Business Restructuring: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 59(1), 197–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/JOMS.12717

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. In Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781

Labelle, R., Hafsi, T., Francoeur, C., & Ben Amar, W. (2018). Family Firms’ Corporate Social Performance: A Calculated Quest for Socioemotional Wealth. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2982-9

Lassoued, N., & Khanchel, I. (2023). Voluntary CSR Disclosure and CEO Narcissism: The Moderating Role of CEO Duality and Board Gender Diversity. Review of Managerial Science, 17, 1075–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11846-022-00555-3

Li, T. T., Wang, K., Sueyoshi, T., & Wang, D. D. (2021). ESG: Research Progress and Future Prospects. Sustainability, 13(21), 11663. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU132111663

Li, Y., Gong, M., Zhang, X. Y., & Koh, L. (2018). The Impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure on Firm Value: The Role of CEO Power. The British Accounting Review, 50(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BAR.2017.09.007

Liang, X., Dai, L., & Xie, S. (2022). Examining the Social Pressures on Voluntary CSR Reporting: The Roles of Interlocking Directors. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 13(3), 653–679. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-05-2021-0166

Lien, Y.-C., Teng, C.-C., & Li, S. (2016). Institutional Reforms and the Effects of Family Control on Corporate Governance. Family Business Review, 29(2), 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486515609202

Luan, C.-J., Chen, Y.-Y., Huang, H.-Y., & Wang, K.-S. (2018). CEO Succession Decision in Family Businesses – A Corporate Governance Perspective. Asia Pacific Management Review, 23(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.03.003

Mahran, K., & Elamer, A. A. (2024). Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Corporate Environmental Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review and Avenues for Future Research. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(3), 1977–2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3577

Malik, F., Wang, F., Naseem, M. A., Ikram, A., & Ali, S. (2020). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Related to CEO Attributes: An Empirical Study. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899093

Manita, R., Bruna, M. G., Dang, R., & Houanti, L. (2018). Board Gender Diversity and ESG Disclosure: Evidence from the USA. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(2), 206–224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2017-0024

Marques, P., Presas, P., & Simon, A. (2014). The Heterogeneity of Family Firms in CSR Engagement. Family Business Review, 27(3), 206–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514539004

McBrayer, G. A. (2018). Does Persistence Explain ESG Disclosure Decisions? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1074–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/CSR.1521

McGuire, J., Dow, S., & Ibrahim, B. (2012). All in the Family? Social Performance and Corporate Governance in the Family Firm. Journal of Business Research, 65(11), 1643–1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2011.10.024

Meier, O., & Schier, G. (2021). CSR and Family CEO: The Moderating Role of CEO’s Age. Journal of Business Ethics, 174(3), 595–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04624-z

Miralles-Marcelo, J. L., Miralles-Quirós, M. del M., & Lisboa, I. (2014). The Impact of Family Control on Firm Performance: Evidence from Portugal and Spain. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2014.03.002

Mohd Azhari, N. K., Mahmud, R., & Yildiz, B. (2023). Financial Factors, Corporate Governance and ESG During Covid-19 Pandemic: Malaysian Evidence. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 8(23), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i23.4493

Muñoz-Bullon, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J., & Suárez-González, I. (2018). Diversification Decisions Among Family Firms: The Role of Family Involvement and Generational Stage. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 21(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BRQ.2017.11.001

Muttakin, M. B., Khan, A., & Mihret, D. G. (2018). The Effect of Board Capital and CEO Power on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-016-3105-Y

Nam, H.-J., Bilgin, M. H., & Ryu, D. (2024). Firm Value, Ownership Structure, and Strategic Approaches to ESG Activities. Eurasian Business Review, 14(1), 187–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-02400252-z

Naseem, M. A., Riaz, S., Rehman, R. U., Ikram, A., & Malik, F. (2017). Impact of Board Characteristics on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(4), 801–810. https://doi.org/10.19030/JABR.V33I4.10001

O’Boyle, E. H., Rutherford, M. W., & Pollack, J. M. (2010). Examining the Relation Between Ethical Focus and Financial Performance in Family Firms: An Exploratory Study. Family Business Review, 23(4), 310–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486510375412

Oh, W. Y., Ree, H., Chang, Y. K., & Postuła, I. (2022). Trees in the Forest: How Do Family Owners Make CSR Decisions in Business Groups? Journal of Business Ethics, 187, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-022-05270-3

Orazalin, N., & Mahmood, M. (2019). The Financial Crisis as A Wake-up Call: Corporate Governance and Bank Performance in An Emerging Economy. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 19(1), 80–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2018-0080

Oware, K. M., Iddrisu, A.-A., Worae, T., & Ellah Adaletey, J. (2022). Female and Environmental Disclosure of Family and Non-family Firms. Evidence from India. Management Research Review, 45(6), 760–780. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2021-0376 Özcan, I. Ç. (2019). Determinants of Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure Performance of Publicly Traded Airports. International Journal of Transport Economics, 46(3), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.19272/201906703004

Peni, E. (2014). CEO and Chairperson Characteristics and Firm Performance. Journal of Management and Governance, 18(1), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10997-012-9224-7

Poutziouris, P., Savva, C. S., & Hadjielias, E. (2015). Family Involvement and Firm Performance: Evidence from UK Listed Firms. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 6(1), 14–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2014.12.001

Purwanto, A., & Sudargini, Y. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Analysis for Social and Management Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.7777/JIEMAR.V2I4.168

Rahman, R. A., Alsayegh, M. F., Rahman, A., Rashidah, M., & Faisal, A. (2021). Determinants of Corporate Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting Among Asian Firms. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(4), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/JRFM14040167

Ratri, M. C., Harymawan, I., & Kamarudin, K. A. (2021). Busyness, Tenure, Meeting Frequency of the CEOs, and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Sustainability, 13(10), 5567. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13105567

Rees, W., & Rodionova, T. (2015). The Influence of Family Ownership on Corporate Social Responsibility: An International Analysis of Publicly Listed Companies. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(3), 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/CORG.12086

Requejo, I., Reyes-Reina, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J., & Suárez-González, I. (2018). European Family Firms and Acquisition Propensity: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Legal System’s Role. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 9(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2018.01.003

Romano, J. P., & Wolf, M. (2017). Resurrecting Weighted Least Squares. Journal of Econometrics, 197(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.10.003

Seaman, C., & Bent, R. (2017). The Role of Family Values in the Integrity of Family Business. In M. Orlitzky & M. Monga (Eds.), Integrity in Business and Management (1st ed., pp. 91–104). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315750477-5

Seow, R. Y. C. (2024a). Beyond Boardroom Diversity and Environmental, Social, and Governance Transparency: Evidence of the Emerging Market Firms. Business Performance Review, 2(2), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.22495/bprv2i2p1

Seow, R. Y. C. (2024b). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 6(2), 37–67. https://doi.org/10.32890/jes2024.6.2.3

Seow, R. Y. C. (2024c). Determinants of Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure: A Systematic Literature Review. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(3), 2314–2330. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.3604

Seow, R. Y. C. (2024d). Unveiling the Complexities of ESG and CSR Disclosures Determinants: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Technology Management and Business, 11(1), 49–79. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtmb.2024.11.01.004

Seow, R. Y. C. (2025a). Environmental, Social, and Governance Reporting in Family Firms: The Critical Role of CEO Attributes. Business Strategy and the Environment, 34(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3984

Seow, R. Y. C. (2025b). The Dynamics of Performance Feedback and ESG Disclosure: A Behavioral Theory of the Firm Perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 32(2), 2598–2615. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.3083

Seow, R. Y. C., & Loo, E. C. (2023). The Influence of Chairman and CEO’s Capabilities and the Moderating Role of Family-controlled Companies on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure: A Study on the Malaysian Public-listed Companies. International Journal of Professional Management, 18(3), 1–21.

Sharma, P., Panday, P., & Dangwal, R. C. (2020). Determinants of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Disclosure: A Study of Indian Companies. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 17(4), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41310-020-00085-Y

Sheikh, S. (2018). The Impact of Market Competition on the Relation Between CEO Power and Firm Innovation. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 44, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MULFIN.2018.01.003

Singla, C., Veliyath, R., & George, R. (2014). Family Firms and Internationalization-governance Relationships: Evidence of Secondary Agency Issues. Strategic Management Journal, 35(4), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2111

Sitthipongpanich, T., & Polsiri, P. (2015). Do CEO and Board Characteristics Matter? A Study of Thai Family Firms. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 6(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2015.01.002

Stanley, L. J., & McDowell, W. (2014). The Role of Interorganizational Trust and Organizational Efficacy in Family and Nonfamily Firms. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(3), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFBS.2013.07.001

Sun, J., Pellegrini, M. M., Dabić, M., Wang, K., & Wang, C. (2024). Family Ownership and Control as Drivers for Environmental, Social, and Governance in Family Firms. Review of Managerial Science, 18(4), 1015–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00631-2

Suttipun, M. (2021). The Influence of Board Composition on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Disclosure of Thai Listed Companies. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 18(4), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-021-00120-6

Tan, L. S. (2016). Family Controlled Companies in Bursa Malaysia. Sparrow Publishing House.

Tiberius, V., Stiller, L., & Dabić, M. (2021). Sustainability Beyond Economic Prosperity: Social Microfoundations of Dynamic Capabilities in Family Businesses. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121093

Umar, U. H., Firmansyah, E. A., Danlami, M. R., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2024). Revisiting the Relationship Between Corporate Governance Mechanisms and ESG Disclosures in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 20(4), 724–747. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC01-2023-0011

Vardaman, J. M., & Gondo, M. B. (2014). Socioemotional Wealth Conflict in Family Firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1317–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/ETAP.12126

Wan Mohammad, W. M., Zaini, R., & Kassim, A. A. M. (2023). Women on Boards, Firms’ Competitive Advantage and Its Effect on ESG Disclosure in Malaysia. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(5), 930–948. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2021-0151

Wang, Y., Yekini, K., Babajide, B., & Kessy, M. (2022). Antecedents of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Evidence from the UK Extractive and Retail Sector. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 30(2), 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-08-2021-0158

Wan-Hussin, W. N., Qasem, A., Aripin, N., & Ariffin, M. S. M. (2021). Corporate Responsibility Disclosure, Information Environment and Analysts’ Recommendations: Evidence from Malaysia. Sustainability, 13(6), 3568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063568

Withers, M. C., & Fitza, M. A. (2017). Do Board Chairs Matter? The Influence of Board Chairs on Firm Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 38(6), 1343–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMJ.2587

Wu, L., Subramanian, N., Abdulrahman, M. D., Liu, C., & Pawar, K. S. (2017). Short-term Versus Longterm Benefits: Balanced Sustainability Framework and Research Propositions. Sustainable

Production and Consumption, 11, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2016.09.003

Yu, E. P. Y., & van Luu, B. (2021). International Variations in ESG Disclosure – Do Cross-listed Companies Care More? International Review of Financial Analysis, 75, 101731. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2021.101731

Downloads

Published

31-07-2025

How to Cite

Seow Yeaw Chong , R. (2025). Family Value and Corporate Transparency: Socio-Emotional Wealth’s Role in ESG Reporting. Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 7(2), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.32890/jes2025.7.2.4