Online Customer Shopping Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Online Perceived Risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2020.12.2.1Keywords:
Online customer review, online store image, online purchase intention, online perceived riskAbstract
The studies of online purchase intention have been done extensively throughout the world by testing many predictors. Due to the rapid growth of technological advances affecting internet users suggest other new predictors considered as an online purchase intention element. This study suggests customer review, online store image, and perceived online risk (an element of a mediating factor) as three main variables that drive customers to purchase online. A simple convenience sampling method was used to analyse the responses from online users via the online questionnaire web surveys. Multiple regressions and Sobel tests were used in this study to test the hypotheses. The result shows that online customer review and online store image have a positive relationship with the perceived risk online as well as perceived risk itself also has a positive relationship with online purchase intention. Consequently, in terms of mediating factors, perceived risk online is seen as a mediator for both online customer review and online store image with online purchase intention. Having said that, the study hopes that the findings would help boost the online retail industry as a contributor to the country's economic development.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Agarwal, S., & Teas, R. K. (2001). Perceived value: Mediating role of perceived risk. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 1-14.
Agarwal, S., & Teas, R. K. (2004). Cross-national applicability of a perceived risk-value model. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13, 242–256.
Aghekyan-Simonian, M., Forsythe, S., Kwon, W.S., & Chattaraman, V. (2012). The role of product brand image and online store image on perceived risks and online purchase intentions of apparel. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19, 325-331.
Akroush, M. N., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), 1353-1376.
Andrews, L., Kiel, G., Drennan, J., Boyle, M., & Werawardeena, J. (2007). Gendered perceptions of experiential value in using Web-based retail channels. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 640-658.
Arif, M. Erfan. 2019. The influence of electronic word of mouth (eWOM), brand image, and price on re-purchase intention of airline customers. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 17(2),345–356. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
http:// dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2019.017.02.18
Ariff, M. S. M., Sylvester, M., Zakuan, N., Ismail, K., & Ali, K. M. (2014). Consumer perceived risk, attitude and online shopping behaviour: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering,58, 1-11.
Athearn, J.L. (1971). What is risk? The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 38 (4), 639-645.
Baron, R.M., & David A. Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
Bianchi, C. & Andrews, L. (2012). Risk, trust, and consumer online purchasing behaviour: A Chilean perspective. International Marketing Review, 9(3): 253-276.
Chen, J. S., Ching, R. K. H., & Tsou, H. T. (2007). The effect of multi-channel store image on purchase intention. International DSI / Asia and Pacific DSI.
Chen, M.-Y., & Teng, C.-I. (2013). A comprehensive model of the effects of online store image on purchase intention in an e-commerce environment. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 1-23.
Childers, T.L., Carr, C.L., Peck, J. & Carson, S. (2001). Hedonic and utilitarian motivations for online retail shopping behaviour. Journal of Retailing, 77(4), 511-35.
Cocx, D. F., & Rich, S. U. (1964). Perceived risk and consumer decision-making: The case of telephone shopping. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 32-39.
D’Alessandro S., Girardi A., & Tiangsoongnern L. (2012). Perceived risk and trust as antecedents of online purchasing behaviour in the USA gemstone industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24 (3), 433-460.
Diallo, M.F. (2012). Effects of store brand price-image on store brand purchase intention: Application to an emerging market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19: 360-367.
Derbaix, C. (1983). Perceived risk and risk relievers: An empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3(1), 19-38.
Dhanasobhon, S., Chen, P-Y & Smith, M. (2007). An analysis of the differential impact of reviews and reviewers at Amazon.com. ICIS 2007 Proceedings. 94. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2007/94
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Gazali, A. V., & Suyasa, P. T. Y. (2020, May). The Role of the perceived risk to purchase decision (for consumers who use online shopping technology). In Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2019) (pp. 375-379). Atlantis Press.
Gellerstedt, M., & Arvemo, T. (2019). The impact of word of mouth when booking a hotel: could a good friend’s opinion outweigh the online majority? Information Technology and Tourism 21, 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-019-00143-4
Gerber, C., Ward, S., & Goedhals, L. (2014). The impact of perceived risk on on-line purchase behaviour. Risk Governance & Control. Financial Markets & Institutions, 4 (4), 99-105.
Gruena, T.W., TalaiOsmonbekov, T., & Czaplewskia, A.J. (2006). eWOM: The impact of customer-to-customer online know-how exchange on customer value and loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59 (4), 449-456.
Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., Borin, N. (1998) The effect of store name, brand name, and price discounts on consumers evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 74 (3): 331-352.
Hasan, B. (2016). Perceived irritation in online shopping: The impact of website design characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 224-230.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K.P., Walsh, G. & Gremler, D.D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: what motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18 (1) 38-52.
Hernández, B., Jiménez, J., & MartÃn, M. J. (2011). Age, gender and income: Do they really moderate online shopping behaviour?. Online information review.
Hong, L. M., Wan Zulkiffli, W. F., & Hamsani, N. H. (2016). The impact of perceived risks towards customer attitude in online shopping. International Journal, 1(2), 13-21.
Hong, L. M., Che Nawi, N., Wan Zulkiffli, W. F., Mukhtar, D., & Fahmie, S. I. (2019a). Perceived risk on online store image towards purchase intention. Research in World Economy, 10(2), 48-52.
Hong, L. M., Che Nawi, N., & Wan Zulkifili, W.F. (2019b). online store image towards perceived risks in online shopping. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 7(1), 1 – 9.
Hu, N., Koh, N.S., & Reddy, S.K. (2014). Ratings lead you to the product, reviews help clinch it? The mediating role of online review sentiments on product sales. Decision Support Systems, 57, 42-53.
Huang, W. Y., Schrank, H. & Dubinsky, A. J. (2004). Effect of brand name on consumers' risk perceptions of online shopping. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1), 40-50.
Hussaina, S., Guangju, W., Muhammad, R., Ilyas, Z, S.J., Mustafa, G., & Jianzhou, Y. (2018). Consumers' online information adoption behaviour: Motives and antecedents of electronic word of mouth communications. Computers in Human Behaviour, 80 (March), 22-32.
Indiani, N.L.P., Rahyuda, K., Yasa, N.N.K & Sukaatmadja. P.G. (2015). Perceived risk and trust as major determinants of actual purchase, transcending the influence of intention. Asean Marketing Journal, June, VII (1), 1-13.
Jarvenpaa, S.L., & Tractinsky, N (1999). Consumer trust in an internet store: A cross-cultural validation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(2), Retrieved from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/ jarvenpaa.html.
Jimenez, F.R. & Mendoza, N.A. (2013). Too popular to ignore: the influence of online reviews on purchase intentions of search and experience products. Journal of Interactive Marketing 27, 226-235.
Kim, D., Ferrin, D. & Rao, J. (2008). A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decision Support Systems, 44,544–564.
Kim J. E. (2005). Understanding consumers’ online shopping and purchasing behaviour ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/39253689/Consumer-on-Line-Shopping-Purchase-Behaviour
King, R. A., Racherla, P., & Bush, V. D. (2014). What we know and don't know about online word-of-mouth: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of interactive marketing, 28(3), 167-183.
Komiak, S.X., & Benbasat, I. (2004). “Understanding customer trust in agent-mediated electronic commerce, web mediated electronic commerce and traditional commerceâ€. Information Technology and Management, 5 (1/2), 181-207.
Kunja, S. and GVRK, A. (2018), "Examining the effect of eWOM on the customer purchase intention through value co-creation (VCC) in social networking sites (SNSs): A study of select Facebook fan pages of smartphone brands in India", Management Research Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-04-2017-0128
Li, N., & Zhang, P. (2002). Consumer online shopping attitudes and behaviour: An assessment of research. Information Systems proceedings of Eighth Americas Conference
Li, H., Kuo, C. & Russell, M.G. (1999). The impact of perceived channel utilities, shopping orientations and demographics on the consumer’s online buying behaviour. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(2). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101. 1999.tb00336.x/full
Liang, L. J. (2015). Understanding repurchase intention of airbnb consumers: perceived authenticity, eWoM and price sensitivity (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10214/8813
Lin, C. (2011). The impact of price, brand and online recommendations on consumer choice behaviour: A Conjoint Analysis, Master Thesis, University Van Amsterdam.
Ling, K.C., Chai, L.T. and Piew, T.H. (2010). The effects of shopping orientations, online trust and prior online purchase experience toward customers’ online purchase intention. International Business Research, 3(3), 63-76.
Lubis, A. N. (2018). Evaluating the customer preferences of online shopping: Demographic factors and online shop application issue.
Luo, J., Ba, S., & Zhang, H. (2012). The effectiveness of online shopping characteristics and well-designed websites on satisfaction. Mis Quarterly, 1131-1144.
Martineau, P., (1958). The personality of the retail store. Harvard Business Review, 36 (Jan./Feb), 47-55.
Masoud, E.Y (2013). The effect of perceived risk on online shopping in Jordan. European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (6), 76-87.
Matute, J., Polo-Redondo, Y., & Utrillas, A. (2016). The influence of eWOM characteristics on online repurchase intention. Online Information Review.
Maxham III G.J. (2001). Service recovery influence on consumer satisfaction, positive word-of-mouth, and purchase intentions. Journal of Business Research, 54 (1), 11-24.
McCole, P., Ramsey, E. & Williams, J. (2010). Trust considerations on attitudes towards online purchasing: the moderating effect of privacy and security concerns. Journal of Business Research, 63(9/10): 101824.
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for E-Commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 334-359.
Pappas, N. (2016). Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 92-103.
Pavlou, P. A., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. MIS Quarterly, 30(1), 115-143.
Phornprapha, C. D. D. S., & Suthatorn, P. (2017). Perceived risk on consumers’ behaviour. Organized by Dusit Thani College 29 November–2 December 2017 Bangkok, Thailand, 164.
Praharjo, A., & Kusumawati, A. (2016). The impact of electronic word of mouth on repurchase intention mediated by brand loyalty and perceived risk. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 11(2), 62-69.
Preacher, K.J., & Leonardelli, G. J. (1982). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. Retrieved from http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm
Roy, G., Datta, B., & Basu, R. (2017)
Agarwal, S., & Teas, R. K. (2004). Cross-national applicability of a perceived risk-value model. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13, 242–256.
Aghekyan-Simonian, M., Forsythe, S., Kwon, W.S., & Chattaraman, V. (2012). The role of product brand image and online store image on perceived risks and online purchase intentions of apparel. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19, 325-331.
Akroush, M. N., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), 1353-1376.
Andrews, L., Kiel, G., Drennan, J., Boyle, M., & Werawardeena, J. (2007). Gendered perceptions of experiential value in using Web-based retail channels. European Journal of Marketing, 41(5/6), 640-658.
Arif, M. Erfan. 2019. The influence of electronic word of mouth (eWOM), brand image, and price on re-purchase intention of airline customers. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 17(2),345–356. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
http:// dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2019.017.02.18
Ariff, M. S. M., Sylvester, M., Zakuan, N., Ismail, K., & Ali, K. M. (2014). Consumer perceived risk, attitude and online shopping behaviour: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering,58, 1-11.
Athearn, J.L. (1971). What is risk? The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 38 (4), 639-645.
Baron, R.M., & David A. Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
Bianchi, C. & Andrews, L. (2012). Risk, trust, and consumer online purchasing behaviour: A Chilean perspective. International Marketing Review, 9(3): 253-276.
Chen, J. S., Ching, R. K. H., & Tsou, H. T. (2007). The effect of multi-channel store image on purchase intention. International DSI / Asia and Pacific DSI.
Chen, M.-Y., & Teng, C.-I. (2013). A comprehensive model of the effects of online store image on purchase intention in an e-commerce environment. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 1-23.
Childers, T.L., Carr, C.L., Peck, J. & Carson, S. (2001). Hedonic and utilitarian motivations for online retail shopping behaviour. Journal of Retailing, 77(4), 511-35.
Cocx, D. F., & Rich, S. U. (1964). Perceived risk and consumer decision-making: The case of telephone shopping. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 32-39.
D’Alessandro S., Girardi A., & Tiangsoongnern L. (2012). Perceived risk and trust as antecedents of online purchasing behaviour in the USA gemstone industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24 (3), 433-460.
Diallo, M.F. (2012). Effects of store brand price-image on store brand purchase intention: Application to an emerging market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19: 360-367.
Derbaix, C. (1983). Perceived risk and risk relievers: An empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3(1), 19-38.
Dhanasobhon, S., Chen, P-Y & Smith, M. (2007). An analysis of the differential impact of reviews and reviewers at Amazon.com. ICIS 2007 Proceedings. 94. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2007/94
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Gazali, A. V., & Suyasa, P. T. Y. (2020, May). The Role of the perceived risk to purchase decision (for consumers who use online shopping technology). In Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2019) (pp. 375-379). Atlantis Press.
Gellerstedt, M., & Arvemo, T. (2019). The impact of word of mouth when booking a hotel: could a good friend’s opinion outweigh the online majority? Information Technology and Tourism 21, 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-019-00143-4
Gerber, C., Ward, S., & Goedhals, L. (2014). The impact of perceived risk on on-line purchase behaviour. Risk Governance & Control. Financial Markets & Institutions, 4 (4), 99-105.
Gruena, T.W., TalaiOsmonbekov, T., & Czaplewskia, A.J. (2006). eWOM: The impact of customer-to-customer online know-how exchange on customer value and loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59 (4), 449-456.
Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., Borin, N. (1998) The effect of store name, brand name, and price discounts on consumers evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 74 (3): 331-352.
Hasan, B. (2016). Perceived irritation in online shopping: The impact of website design characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 224-230.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K.P., Walsh, G. & Gremler, D.D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: what motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18 (1) 38-52.
Hernández, B., Jiménez, J., & MartÃn, M. J. (2011). Age, gender and income: Do they really moderate online shopping behaviour?. Online information review.
Hong, L. M., Wan Zulkiffli, W. F., & Hamsani, N. H. (2016). The impact of perceived risks towards customer attitude in online shopping. International Journal, 1(2), 13-21.
Hong, L. M., Che Nawi, N., Wan Zulkiffli, W. F., Mukhtar, D., & Fahmie, S. I. (2019a). Perceived risk on online store image towards purchase intention. Research in World Economy, 10(2), 48-52.
Hong, L. M., Che Nawi, N., & Wan Zulkifili, W.F. (2019b). online store image towards perceived risks in online shopping. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 7(1), 1 – 9.
Hu, N., Koh, N.S., & Reddy, S.K. (2014). Ratings lead you to the product, reviews help clinch it? The mediating role of online review sentiments on product sales. Decision Support Systems, 57, 42-53.
Huang, W. Y., Schrank, H. & Dubinsky, A. J. (2004). Effect of brand name on consumers' risk perceptions of online shopping. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1), 40-50.
Hussaina, S., Guangju, W., Muhammad, R., Ilyas, Z, S.J., Mustafa, G., & Jianzhou, Y. (2018). Consumers' online information adoption behaviour: Motives and antecedents of electronic word of mouth communications. Computers in Human Behaviour, 80 (March), 22-32.
Indiani, N.L.P., Rahyuda, K., Yasa, N.N.K & Sukaatmadja. P.G. (2015). Perceived risk and trust as major determinants of actual purchase, transcending the influence of intention. Asean Marketing Journal, June, VII (1), 1-13.
Jarvenpaa, S.L., & Tractinsky, N (1999). Consumer trust in an internet store: A cross-cultural validation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(2), Retrieved from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/ jarvenpaa.html.
Jimenez, F.R. & Mendoza, N.A. (2013). Too popular to ignore: the influence of online reviews on purchase intentions of search and experience products. Journal of Interactive Marketing 27, 226-235.
Kim, D., Ferrin, D. & Rao, J. (2008). A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decision Support Systems, 44,544–564.
Kim J. E. (2005). Understanding consumers’ online shopping and purchasing behaviour ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/39253689/Consumer-on-Line-Shopping-Purchase-Behaviour
King, R. A., Racherla, P., & Bush, V. D. (2014). What we know and don't know about online word-of-mouth: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of interactive marketing, 28(3), 167-183.
Komiak, S.X., & Benbasat, I. (2004). “Understanding customer trust in agent-mediated electronic commerce, web mediated electronic commerce and traditional commerceâ€. Information Technology and Management, 5 (1/2), 181-207.
Kunja, S. and GVRK, A. (2018), "Examining the effect of eWOM on the customer purchase intention through value co-creation (VCC) in social networking sites (SNSs): A study of select Facebook fan pages of smartphone brands in India", Management Research Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-04-2017-0128
Li, N., & Zhang, P. (2002). Consumer online shopping attitudes and behaviour: An assessment of research. Information Systems proceedings of Eighth Americas Conference
Li, H., Kuo, C. & Russell, M.G. (1999). The impact of perceived channel utilities, shopping orientations and demographics on the consumer’s online buying behaviour. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(2). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101. 1999.tb00336.x/full
Liang, L. J. (2015). Understanding repurchase intention of airbnb consumers: perceived authenticity, eWoM and price sensitivity (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10214/8813
Lin, C. (2011). The impact of price, brand and online recommendations on consumer choice behaviour: A Conjoint Analysis, Master Thesis, University Van Amsterdam.
Ling, K.C., Chai, L.T. and Piew, T.H. (2010). The effects of shopping orientations, online trust and prior online purchase experience toward customers’ online purchase intention. International Business Research, 3(3), 63-76.
Lubis, A. N. (2018). Evaluating the customer preferences of online shopping: Demographic factors and online shop application issue.
Luo, J., Ba, S., & Zhang, H. (2012). The effectiveness of online shopping characteristics and well-designed websites on satisfaction. Mis Quarterly, 1131-1144.
Martineau, P., (1958). The personality of the retail store. Harvard Business Review, 36 (Jan./Feb), 47-55.
Masoud, E.Y (2013). The effect of perceived risk on online shopping in Jordan. European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (6), 76-87.
Matute, J., Polo-Redondo, Y., & Utrillas, A. (2016). The influence of eWOM characteristics on online repurchase intention. Online Information Review.
Maxham III G.J. (2001). Service recovery influence on consumer satisfaction, positive word-of-mouth, and purchase intentions. Journal of Business Research, 54 (1), 11-24.
McCole, P., Ramsey, E. & Williams, J. (2010). Trust considerations on attitudes towards online purchasing: the moderating effect of privacy and security concerns. Journal of Business Research, 63(9/10): 101824.
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for E-Commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 334-359.
Pappas, N. (2016). Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 92-103.
Pavlou, P. A., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. MIS Quarterly, 30(1), 115-143.
Phornprapha, C. D. D. S., & Suthatorn, P. (2017). Perceived risk on consumers’ behaviour. Organized by Dusit Thani College 29 November–2 December 2017 Bangkok, Thailand, 164.
Praharjo, A., & Kusumawati, A. (2016). The impact of electronic word of mouth on repurchase intention mediated by brand loyalty and perceived risk. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 11(2), 62-69.
Preacher, K.J., & Leonardelli, G. J. (1982). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. Retrieved from http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm
Roy, G., Datta, B., & Basu, R. (2017)
Downloads
Published
31-12-2020
How to Cite
Yahya, W. K., Hashim, N. H., Husin, N., & Abdul Rahim, N. (2020). Online Customer Shopping Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Online Perceived Risk. Global Business Management Review (GBMR), 12(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2020.12.2.1
Issue
Section
Articles in Journal
License
Disclaimer
Global Business Management Review (GBMR) has taken all reasonable measures to ensure that material contained in this website is the original work of the author(s). However, the Journal gives no warranty and accepts no responsibility for the accuracy or the completeness of the material; no reliance should be made by any user on the material. The user should check with the authors for confirmation.
Articles published in the Global Business Management Review (GBMR) do not represent the views held by the editors and members of the editorial board. Authors are responsible for all aspects of their articles except the editorial screen design.
Submission of an article is done with the understanding that the article has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis) that it is not under consideration for publication somewhere else; that if and when the article is accepted for publication, the author's consent to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.