The importance of non-technical skills for graduates’ employability during and after covid-19 pandemic

Authors

  • Lim Sau Loon School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
  • Wah Tan Bee Economic and Financial Policy Institute (ECoFI), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2023.15.2.4

Keywords:

graduates’ employability, non-technical skills, job market, expectations, COVID-19

Abstract

Nowadays, due to the rapidly changing business environment, non-technical skills have become critical factors in determining employment. Companies assert that fresh graduates often fall short of their expectations. Nevertheless, employers emphasize that non-technical skills are crucial for fresh graduates to remain competitive and secure employment in the current job market. Therefore, this research aims to study the importance of non-technical skills and their impact on graduates’ employability. The study utilizes online questionnaire surveys for 120 graduates from different states, universities, occupations, and backgrounds to rank the importance of 15 non-technical skills. Meanwhile, Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis are employed to study the relationship between three independent variables and graduates’ employability. The statistical findings reveal a positive correlation between non-technical skills and graduates’ employment. According to the study results, the top five skills deemed more important than others are adaptability, ethical behavior, leadership, critical and creative thinking, and tolerance of ambiguity. Therefore, it is essential for students to develop their non-technical skills during their studies to meet the expectations of future employers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdi, L. & Kenea, A. (2023). Secondary schooling as preparation for world of work: Curricular responses to employer’s expressed needs in Ethiopia. The European Journal of Social & Behavioral Science, 32(1), 31–49.

Abu Asabeh, S., Alzboon, R., Alkhalaileh, R., Alshurafat, H., & Al Amosh, H. (2023). Soft skills and knowledge required for a professional accountant: Evidence from Jordan. Cogent Education, 10(2), 2254157. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2023.2254157

Akdere, M., & Egan, T. (2020). Transformational leadership and human resource development: Linking employee learning, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(4), 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21404

Aliu, J., & Aigbavboa, C. (2021). Key generic skills for employability of built environment graduates. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(3), 542–552.. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2021.1894633

Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2010). Graduate Employability, ‘Soft Skills’ Versus ‘Hard’ Business Knowledge: A European Study. Higher Education in Europe, 411–422.

Asabeh, S. A., Alzboon, R., Alkhalaileh, R., Alshurafat, H., & Al Amosh, H. (2023). Soft skills and knowledge required for a professional accountant: Evidence from Jordan. Cogent Education, 10(2), 2254157. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2254157

Baird, A. M. & Parayitam, S. (2019). Employers’ ratings of importance of skills and competencies college graduates need to get hired: Evidence from the New England region of USA. Education + Training, 61(5), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2018-0250

Behle, H. (2020). Students’ and graduates’ employability. A framework to classify and measure employability gain. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 4(1), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1712662

Brouwer, J., & Jansen, E. (2019). Beyond grades: Developing knowledge sharing in learning communities as a graduate attribute. Higher Education Research & Development, 38(2), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1522619 Global Business Management Review: Vol. 15 Number 2 December 2023:

Buheji, M., & Buheji, A. (2020). Planning competency in the new normal: Employability competency in post-COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i2.17085

Burns, A., & Bush, R. (2003). Marketing Research: Online Research Applications 4th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Busse, R. (2011). The New Basics: Today's Employers Want the "Three Rs" and So Much More. Vocational Education Journal, 24–47.

Calma, A., & Cotronei-Baird, V. (2021). Assessing critical thinking in business education: Key issues and practical solutions. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 100531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100531

Chai, W. K. (2017). Experienced Quantity Surveyor's Perception of Employability Skills Required by Malaysian Fresh Graduate Quantity Surveyor. Doctoral Dissertation, UTAR.

Coakes, S. J. (2020). SPSS Version 26.0 for Windows: Analysis without Anguish. Australia: John Wiley & Sons.

Dam, R., & Teo, S. (2021). What is Design Thinking and Why Is It So Popular? Interaction Design Foundation.

de Schepper, J., Sotiriadou, P., & Hill, B. (2020). The role of critical reflection as an employability skill in sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(2), 280–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1742184

DOSM. (2021). Graduates Statistics 2020. Malaysia: Department of Statistic Malaysia.

DOSM. (2022). Graduates Statistics 2021. Malaysia: Department of Statistic Malaysia.

Douglas, S., & Gammie, E. (2017). An investigation into the development of non-technical skills by undergraduate accounting programmes. Accounting Education, 28(3), 304–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2019.1605532

Fakunle, O., & Higson, H. (2021). Interrogating theoretical and empirical approaches to employability in different global regions. Higher Education Quarterly, 75(4), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12345

Ghasemaghaei, M., Ebrahimi, S., & Hassanein, K. (2018). Data analytics competency for improving firm decision making performance. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 27(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2017.10.001

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. England: Routledge.

Ghani, E. K., Said, J., Mohd Nasir, N., & Jusoff, K. (2008). The 21st century accounting career from the perspective of the Malaysian university students. Asian Social Science, 4(8), 73–83.

Gill, R. J. (2020). Graduate employability skills through online internships and projects during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Australian example. The Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 11(1), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2020vol11no1art946

Griffiths, K., Bullough, S., Shibli, S., & Wilson, J. (2017). The impact of engagement in sport on graduate employability: Implications for higher education policy and practice. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(3), 431–451. Global Business Management Review: Vol. 15 Number 2 December 2023:

Gurcharan Singh, G. K., & Garib Singh, S. K. (2008). Malaysian graduate’s employability skills. UNITAR E-Journal, 4(1), 16–45.

Haim Faridian, P. (2022). Leading open innovation: The role of strategic entrepreneurial leadership in orchestration of value creation and capture in GitHub open source communities. Technovation, 119, 102546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102546

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition). London: Pearson Education.

Hossain, M. M., Alam, M., Alamgir, M. & Salat, A. (2020). Factors affecting business graduates' employability: Empirical evidence using partial least squares (PLS). Education + Training, 62(3), 292–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2018-0258

Hui, D. S., I Azhar, E., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A., & Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health: The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009

Ismail, N. A. (2011). Graduates’ characteristics and unemployment: A study among Malaysian graduates. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(16), 94–102.

Jackson, D. & Chapman, E. (2012). Non‐technical skill gaps in Australian business graduates. Education + Training, 54, 2/3, 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210224

Jackson, D. (2017). Developing pre-professional identity in undergraduates through work-integrated learning. Higher Education, 74, 833–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0080-2

Lee, H. (2000). New realities: The relationship between higher education and employment. Tertiary Education and Management, 6, 3–17.

Mainga, W., Murphy-Braynen, M. B., Moxey, R., & Abdul Quddus, S. (2022). Graduate employability of business students. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030072

McGunagle, D. & Zizka, L. (2020). Employability skills for 21st-century STEM students: The employers' perspective. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 10(3), 591–606. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-10-2019-0148

Moss-Pech, C. (2021). The career conveyor belt: How internships lead to unequal labor market outcomes among college graduates. Qualitative Sociology, 44, 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-020-09471-y

Nadarajah, J. (2021). Measuring the gap in employability skills among Malaysian graduate. International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 4(15), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.415007

Nair, P. K., & Fahimirad, M. (2019). A qualitative research study on the importance of life skills on undergraduate students’ personal and social competencies. International Journal of Higher Education, 8(5), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v8n5p

Ng, P.M.L., Chan, J.K.Y., Wut, T.M., Lo, M.F. and Szeto, I. (2021). What makes better career opportunities for young graduates? Examining acquired employability skills in higher education institutions. Education + Training, 63,6, 852–871. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2020-0231 Global Business Management Review: Vol. 15 Number 2 December 2023:

Ngoo, Y. T., Tiong, K. M., & Pok, W. F. (2015). Bridging the Gap of Perceived Skills between Employers and Accounting Graduates in Malaysia. American Journal of Economics, 98–104.

Nusrat, M. & Sultana, N. (2019). Soft skills for sustainable employment of business graduates of Bangladesh. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(3), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2018-0002

Ong, L. C. (2013). A Study of The Importance of Non-Technical Skills for Accounting Graduates in Malaysia. 1–80.

Pace, D. S. (2021). Probability and non-probability sampling: An entry point for undergraduate researchers. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 9(2), 1–15. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3851952

Perez-Encinas, A. & Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2023). Who gets a job sooner? Results from a national survey of master’s graduates. Studies in Higher Education, 48(1), 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2124242

Rebele, J. E., & St. Pierre, E. K. (2019). A commentary on learning objectives for accounting education programs: The importance of soft skills and technical knowledge. Journal of Accounting Education, 48(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2019.07.002

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (8th Edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Shafie, H., Syed Khuzzan, S. M. & Mohyin, N. A. (2014). Soft skills competencies of quantity surveying graduates in Malaysia: Employers’ views and expectations. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 1(1), 9–17.

Singh Dubey, R., Paul, J., & Tewari, V. (2022). The soft skills gap: A bottleneck in the talent supply in emerging economies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(13), 2630–2661. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1871399

Shola. F, B., Latib, A. A., Samari, R., Kamin, Y., Saud, M. S., & Amin, N. F. (2019). The non-technical skills needed by graduates of technical colleges in metalwork technology. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(4), 654–658. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i4.20308

Succi, C., & Canovi, M. (2020). Soft skills to enhance graduate employability: comparing students and employers’ perceptions. Studies in Higher Education, 45(9), 1834–1847. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1585420

Teng, W., Ma, C., Pahlevansharif, S. & Turner, J. J. (2019). Graduate readiness for the employment market of the 4th industrial revolution: The development of soft employability skills. Education + Training, 61(5), 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2018-0154

Tomlinson, M. (2012). Graduate employability: A review of conceptual and empirical themes. Higher Education Policy, 25, 407–431. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2011.26

Tuka, A. S. (2022). Effective Keys to Employability and Entrepreneurship. Ukiyoto Publishing. Global Business Management Review: Vol. 15 Number 2 December 2023:

Tushar, H., & Sooraksa, N. (2023). Global employability skills in the 21st century workplace: A semi-systematic literature review. Heliyon, 9(11), e21023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21023

Weber, M. R., Finley, D. A., Crawford, A., & Rivera, D. (2009). An exploratory study identifying soft skill competencies in entry-level managers. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2009.22

Wye, C. K. & Lim, Y. M. (2009). Perception differential between employers and undergraduates on the importance of employability skills. International Education Studies, 21(1), 95–105.

Yusof, N., & Jamaluddin, Z. (2015). Graduate employability and preparedness: A case study of University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Malaysia. Geografia: Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 11(1), 129–143.

Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business Research Method (7th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.

Downloads

Published

31-12-2023

How to Cite

Sau Loon, L., & Bee, W. T. (2023). The importance of non-technical skills for graduates’ employability during and after covid-19 pandemic. Global Business Management Review (GBMR), 15(2), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2023.15.2.4