Geographical Indications in Malaysia and Indonesia: Enhancing Protections for Economic Growth and Cultural Heritage

Al Hanisham Mohd Khalid; Khadijah  Mohamed; Ahmad Shamsul  Abd. Aziz; Nor Azlina  Mohd Noor

doi:10.32890/aseanli2024.1.3

Authors

Al Hanisham Mohd Khalid School of Law UUM, Malaysia
Khadijah Mohamed School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Ahmad Shamsul Abd. Aziz School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Nor Azlina Mohd Noor School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32890/aseanli2024.1.3

Keywords:

Geographical indications, legal framework, economic development, Indonesia, Malaysia, intellectual property, cultural heritage

Abstract

This study delves into the crucial relationship between products and their geographical origins, aiming to enhance consumer trust and promote market differentiation, with a particular focus on Malaysia and Indonesia as case studies. The study investigates the current protective measures for Geographical Indications (GIs) in these countries, highlighting existing issues in their legislation. Additionally, it seeks to identify avenues for possible improving the legal frameworks by drawing on shared experiences. To thoroughly explore these aspects, an extensive literature review was conducted, analysing key international agreements, including the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement and the Paris Convention, alongside relevant national laws governing GIs. Employing a comparative legal analysis, the research assesses the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, and the economic implications of GIs in both nations. The findings reveal that GIs significantly could enhance product value, boost market competitiveness, and promote rural development. However, the study also uncovers possible challenges, including issues in legal protections, ineffective enforcement, and the necessity for improved regulatory structures. Drawing from these insights, several key recommendations are proposed to strengthen GI legislation in Malaysia and Indonesia. These include enhancing enforcement mechanisms, establishing effective redress systems for GI infringements, and increasing awareness among producers and consumers regarding the significance and benefits of GIs. Ultimately, this research offers essential insights into how GIs can serve as instruments for economic growth and cultural preservation while addressing the legislative gaps that hinder their potential in Malaysia and Indonesia.

References

[https://www.and-international.com/en/geographical-indications-gis/] Last accessed on 14 May 2024. 3745.doi:10.3390/su10103745.

Addor F and Grazioli A (2002). Geographical Indications Beyond Wines and Spirits: A Roadmap For Better Protection For Geographical Indications In The WTO TRIPS Agreement. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 5(6).

Alavoine-Mornas F (1997). Fruits And Vegetables of Typical Local Areas: Consumers’ Perceptions And Valorisation Strategies Through Distributors And Producers. In: Typical and Traditional

Albisu LM (2002). Work Programme 2: Link Between Origin Labelled Products and Local Production Systems, Supply Chain Analysis. Final report July 2002. DOLPHINS Concerted Action, European Commission.

And International. (2020). Geographical Indications (GIs). Retrieved from

Aziz, A., & Noor, Z. M. (2014). Geographical Indications in Malaysia: Legal Framework and Case Studies. In J. Urbaniec, B. Zagożdżon, & M. Wrzosek (Eds.), Geographical Indications as a Tool for Regional Development. Springer. (pp. 179-197).

Barjolle D and Sylvander B (2002). Some Factors Of Success For “Origin Labelled Products” In Agro-Food Supply Chains In Europe: Market, Internal Resources And Institutions. Économies et Sociétés, 25, 9-10: 1441.

Bérard, L., & Marchenay, P. (2006). Local Products and Geographical Indications: Taking Account Of Local Knowledge And Biodiversity. International Social Science Journal, 58(187), 109-116.

Berenguer, J. (2004). Consumer Valuation of European Quality Labelled Beef: An Application to the Spanish Market. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 31(3), 355-375.

Boisvert V (2006). From The Conservation Of Genetic Diversity To The Promotion Of Quality Foodstuff: Can The French Model Of AOC Be Exported? CAPRI Working Paper no. 49. [https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/32679/filename/32680.pdf]. Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

Bowen S (2010). Development from within? The potential for geographical indications in the global South. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 13(2).

Bramley, C. (2011). Geographical Indications in the ASEAN Region: A Legal Framework for Enhancing Trade and Investment in Local Produce. The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 10, 236.

Cei, L., Defrancesco, E., & Stefani, G. (2018). From Geographical Indications to Rural Development: A Review of the Economic Effects of European Union Policy. Sustainability, 10(10),

Chong, W. Y. (2021, August). Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)–The Geopolitical and Economic Implications on Malaysia. In International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021), Atlantis Press. pp. 427-432.

CIRAD (2009). The Challenges Relating To Geographical Indications (Gis) For ACP Countries. A Joint CTA, AFD and CIRAD workshop report, Montpellier, 24-27 March 2009.

Coombe, R. J., Ives, S., & Huizenga, D. (2014). Geographical indications: The promise, perils and politics of protecting place-based products. Sage handbook on intellectual property, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 207-223.

Cooray, M., Chern, L. J., & Azmana, J. J. B. (2023). A Discourse on the Malaysian Geographical Indications Act. Sriwijaya Law Review,7(2), 368-383.

Das K (2009). Socio-Economic Implications Of Protecting Geographical Indications In India. Centre for WTO studies, August 2009.

E.U. International IP Cooperation (n.d.). Law Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 20 Of 2016 https://internationalipcooperation.eu/sites/default/files/arise-docs/2019/Indonesia_Law-on-Marks- and-Geographical-Indications-20-2016.pdf. Last accessed on 14 May 2024. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) [https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/calidad-diferenciada/estudiofao_tcm30-451271.pdf ] Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

European Commission. (2024). EU Geographical Indications. Retrieved from [https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/running-business/intellectual-property/geographical-indications/index_en.html ] Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

F.A.O. (2016). Government Regulation Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 51 Year 2007, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC086909/ Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

FAO. (2018). Strengthening Sustainable Food Systems Through Geographical Indications An Analysis Of Economic Impacts. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the Geographical Indications Act, 2022, Malaysia.

Gopalakrishnan NS, Nair PS and Babu AK (2007). Exploring The Relationship Between Geographical Indications And Traditional Knowledge: An Analysis Of The Legal Tools For The Protection Of Geographical Indications In Asia. ICTSD Working Paper, August.

Hajdukiewicz, A. (2014). European Union Agri-Food Quality Schemes For The Protection And Promotion of Geographical Indications And Traditional Specialities: An Economic Perspective. Folia Horticulturae, 26(1), 3-17.

Hayes, D., Reardon, T., & Hazell, P. (2003). Developing Country Super Market Development: Implications For Agrifood Systems And Rural Economies. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 54(2), 421-451.

Jena PR and Grote U (2010). Changing Institutions To Protect Regional Heritage: A Case For Geographical Indications In The Indian Agrifood Sector. Development Policy Review, 28(2).

Jengka, B. T. A. R. (2020). Challenges In Marketing Channel Selection by Smallholder Pineapple Growers In Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Research, 4(5), 77-85.

Kaplinsky R and Fitter R (2001). Who Gains from Product Rents As The Coffee Market Becomes More Differentiated? A Value Chain Analysis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Working paper 32(3). Law No. 20/2016 on Marks and Geographical Indications, Indonesia.

Malaysia Pepper Board. (2024). Malaysia Pepper. Retrieved from [https://www.mpb.gov.my/mpb/index.php/en/. ] Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

Mandailing Estate. (2024.). Kopi Luwak Coffee. Retrieved from [https://www.mandailingestatecoffee.com/?v=72b3b0d25d6d ] Last accessed on 14 May 2024. Marie‐Vivien, D. (2020). Protection of Geographical Indications in ASEAN countries: Convergences and challenges to awakening sleeping Geographical Indications. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 23(3-4), 328-349. Marie‐Vivien, D. (2020). Protection of Geographical Indications in ASEAN countries: Convergences and challenges to awakening sleeping Geographical Indications. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 23(3-4), 328-349.

Mas Rahmah. (2015). Geographical Indication: Its Potential for the Agricultural Sector in Malaysia. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum., 23, 527.

Mawardi, M. I. (2009). The Legal Protection of Geographical Indications as Collective Marks: The Case of Indonesia. The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 8, 223. Ministry of International Trade and Industry. (21 January 2022). Malaysia's Instrument of Ratification for the Economic Cooperation and Expansion Partnership (ECEP) Submitted to ASEAN Secretariat. [Media Release]. Retrieved from [https://www.miti.gov.my/miti/resources/Media%20Release/Media_Release_Ratification_Of_Th e_Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_(Rcep)_Agreement_Final_21_JanuarY_202 2.pdf. ]. Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

Mirandah, D., Devina, R.P. (2020) Indonesia: Implementing regulations for geographical indications, https://asiaiplaw.com/article/indonesia-implementing-regulations-for-geographical-indications. Last accessed on 14 May 2024.

Moschini, G., Menapace, L., & Pick, D. (2008). Geographical Indications and The Competitive Provision of Quality in Agricultural Markets. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90(3), 794-812.

Münke, C., Boittin, I. J., Holm, K. S., Thomsen, L. M., Eskesen, S. H. L., Bruun, T. B., & Juul, K. (2011) Livelihood Strategies Regarding Small-Scale Farming: A Case Study from Sejijak Mawang, West Sarawak, Malaysia. ILUNRM course - University of Copenhagen.

Neilson, D., Wright, A., & Aklimawati, E. (2018). A Review of Geographical Indications, Benefit Sharing and Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia. J. Legal Pluralism, 50, 183-209.

Pacciani, A., Belletti, G., Marescotti, A., & Scaramuzzi, S. (2001, June). The role of typical products in fostering rural development and the effects of regulation (EEC) 2081/92. In Policy Experiences with Rural Development in a Diversified Europe. 73rd EAAE Seminar, Ancona, Italy.(pp. 28-30).

Pacciani, A., Corsi, A. M., & Corsi, S. (2001). The Role of Territorial Identity in Rural Development Processes: The Case of the Chianti Region. Sociologia Ruralis, 41(2), 202-216.

Palar, R. R., Sukarsa, D. S., & Ramli, R. R. (2018). Indonesia’s Trademark Law No. 20/2016 on Marks and Geographical Indications. In I. Wiwoho, A. T. Nugroho, & A. P. K. Susanto (Eds.), Legal System in Indonesia: Interdisciplinary Approach. Springer. (pp. 171-186). Products: Rural Effect and Agro-industrial Problems. Eds.: Arfini, F and Mora, C. (1998). 52nd EAAE Seminar Proceedings, Parma, June 19-21.

Rahmah, M. (2017). The Protection of “Batik” Craft Under Geographical Indication: The Strategy for Developing Creative Industry in Indonesia. WIPO-WTO Colloquium paper for Teachers of Intellectual Property Law 2016. WIPO.

Rahmah, M. (2018). The Protection Of Geographical Indication For Agricultural Development: Challenges For ASEAN.

Rangnekar, D. (2004). The Socio-Economics Of Geographical Indications. UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPRs and Sustainable Development, Issue Paper, 8, 13-15.

Rangnekar, D. (2004A). The Socio‐Economics Of Geographical Indications, A Review Of Empirical Evidence From Europe. UNCTAD/ICTSD Capacity Building Project on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development, UNTAD. 52, 46.

Reviron S, Thevenod-Mottet E and EL Benni N (2009). Geographical Indications: Creation And Distribution Of Economic Value In Developing Countries. NCCR Working Paper no 14.

Reviron, S., Sylvander, B., & Barjolle, D. (2009). Geographical Indications, Public Goods, And Sustainable Development: The Roles Of Actors' Strategies And Public Policies. In The Socio-Economics Of Origin-Labelled Products In Agri-Food Supply Chains: Spatial, Institutional And Co-Ordination Aspects. FAO. (pp. 321-339).

Santika, T., & Sh, M., (2018). Geographical Indications Protection: Collective Action for Local Empowerment and Wealth Creation.

Semuroh, J., & Sumin, V. (2021). Factors Affecting The Intention Of Sustainable Agriculture Practices Among Pepper Farmers In Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Res, 5, 92-100.

Sudirman, L., Situmeang, A., & Fiona, F. (2023). Enhancing Geographical Indications Product Protection: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and India. Journal of Judicial Review, 25(2), 287-312.

Tandjung, J. E. (2017). Formulation of a Trade-Oriented Indonesian Position on the Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs): A Case Study of Indonesian Batik as Indonesia Enters the ASEAN Economic Community (Doctoral dissertation).

Tay, J. Y. (2017). Protection of Geographical Indications in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, 34, 10-15.

Tay, Pek, San., Irene, Calboli., Wee, Loon, Ng-Loy. (2017). Legal Protection of Geographical Indications as a Means to Foster Social and Economic Development in Malaysia. 281-304. doi: 10.1017/9781316711002.013

Török, Á., Jantyik, L., Maró, Z. M., & Moir, H. V. J. (2020). Understanding the Real-World Impact of Geographical Indications: A Critical Review of the Empirical Economic Literature. Sustainability, 12(22), 9434. doi:10.3390/su12229434.

Tran, N. (2005). Brand Building And The Vietnamese Agricultural Product. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 8(3), 47-58. TRIPS: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (1994).

Vitória, Aparecida, Cardoso., Ana, Elisa, Bressan, Smith, Lourenzani., Marcellus, M., Caldas., Cristiane, Hengler, Corrêa, Bernardo., Roberto, Bernardo. (2022). The Benefits And Barriers Of Geographical Indications To Producers: A Review. Renewable Agriculture And Food Systems, 37:707-719. doi: 10.1017/S174217052200031X.

Vivas-Egui D (2001). Negotiations On Geographical Indications In The TRIPS Council And Their Effect on The WTO Agricultural Negotiations: Implications For Developing Countries And The Case Of Venezuela. World Intellectual Property Journal, 5, September.

WIPO. (2024). Geographical Indications. Retrieved from [https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/. ] Last accessed on 14 May 2024.