Applied History Journal of Merong Mahawangsa
Applied History Journal of Merong Mahawangsa (AHJMM) is a refereed journal published yearly (July) by Universiti Utara Malaysia for the School of Languages, Civilisation and Philosophy. This journal serves as a medium for sharing of ideas amongst academics, practitioners, experts and researches as well as those interested in the discipline of history. It’s focuses on any writing related to pure history, applied history and public history. AHJMM also accepts articles pertaining to aspects of historical management which relevant to social sciences, nationhood studies, religion, civilisation, philosophy and thoughts which are parallel to the fields advocated promoted by UUM. AHJMM is an open access journal and practices the principle of single-blind review by expertise both from abroad or local referees.
KURATORIAL DIGITAL SEBAGAI BIDANG PENGAJIAN DALAM PROGRAM SARJANA MUDA SEJARAH GUNAAN DI UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan pesat sumber digital memerlukan ahli sejarah untuk menguasai bukan sahaja kritikan sumber tetapi juga pengurusan metadata, asal usul, integriti fail, pemeliharaan, akses dan perwakilan etika. Artikel ini membincangkan kedudukan kuratorial digital sebagai bidang pengajian dalam Program Sarjana Muda Sejarah Gunaan di Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen karya ilmiah, piawaian profesional, dokumen berwibawa, portal institusi warisan dan dokumen pengajaran serta aktiviti penilaian SALNK3613 Kuratorial Digital. Analisis ini menunjukkan bahawa kurasi digital mempunyai badan pengetahuan dan amalan yang teratur yang merangkumi enam bidang teras: pemilihan dan penilaian sumber; dokumentasi dan metadata; pengurusan dan pemeliharaan; interpretasi sejarah; akses dan komunikasi awam; dan etika dan perwakilan. Dalam Program Sejarah Gunaan UUM, bidang ini telah dilaksanakan melalui pembelajaran berasaskan projek yang melibatkan pembangunan koleksi menggunakan Omeka Classic, penghasilan laman web dan pameran maya dengan elemen lawatan maya 360 darjah, dokumentasi lapangan dan penerbitan buletin digital. Aktiviti-aktiviti ini menunjukkan bahawa kuratorial digital bukan sekadar latihan perisian, tetapi bidang pengajian antara disiplin yang menghubungkan pemikiran sejarah, pengurusan bukti, literasi digital, komunikasi awam dan tanggungjawab etika. Kedudukannya dalam kurikulum membantu menyediakan graduan Sejarah Gunaan untuk memilih, memelihara, mentafsir dan menyampaikan warisan sejarah dengan cara yang boleh dipercayai, relevan dan mampan. ABSTRACT The growth of digital sources requires historians to master not only source criticism but also metadata management, provenance, file integrity, preservation, access, and ethical representation. This article examines the position of digital curation as a field of study within the Bachelor of Applied History Programme at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). The study employs a qualitative approach through document analysis of scholarly works, professional standards, authoritative documents, heritage institution portals, and the teaching documents and assessment activities of SALNK3613 Digital Curation. The analysis demonstrates that digital curation has an organised body of knowledge and practice encompassing six core areas: source selection and evaluation; documentation and metadata; management and preservation; historical interpretation; access and public communication; and ethics and representation. Within UUM's Applied History Programme, the field has been implemented through project-based learning involving the development of collections using Omeka Classic, the production of websites and virtual exhibitions with 360-degree virtual-tour elements, field documentation, and digital bulletin publication. These activities show that digital curation is not merely software training, but an interdisciplinary field of study that connects historical thinking, evidence management, digital literacy, public communication, and ethical responsibility. Its place in the curriculum helps prepare Applied History graduates to select, preserve, interpret, and communicate historical heritage in credible, sustainable, and socially relevant ways.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Alwaliyah Mansor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ISLAM DAN SIKAP AKOMODATIF ORANG MELAYU: TUNJANG KEHARMONIAN DALAM KEPELBAGAIAN MASYARAKAT MALAYSIA
ABSTRAK Islam di Malaysia diangkat sebagai agama rasmi Persekutuan di bawah perkara 3 (1) Perlembagaan, namun penganut agama lain tetap bebas untuk mengamalkan kepercayaan masing-masing dalam suasana aman. Majoriti penganut agama Islam adalah orang Melayu yang sedia hidup bersama kaum lain daripada latar belakang berbeza secara harmoni. Keharmonian di Malaysia bukan wujud secara vakum, sebaliknya Islam menjadi faktor dominan yang mencorakkan 'sikap akomodatif orang Melayu' terhadap kepelbagaian etnik serta agama. Namun, konsep 'sikap akomodatif Melayu' lazimnya digunakan secara longgar dan kadang kala disamaratakan dengan istilah toleransi, kompromi atau pluralisme sekular. Malah sering disalahertikan sebagai toleransi pasif di tengah-tengah kegelisahan golongan minoriti terhadap tekanan kontemporari dalam era digitalisasi. Meskipun wacana perpaduan sering dibincangkan secara normatif, terdapat jurang analitis dalam mengadun mekanisme integratif secara hierarki yang merangkumi dimensi sejarah peradaban, perundangan, teologi dan sosiobudaya secara serentak. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkonseptualisasikan sikap akomodatif orang Melayu melalui analisis empat dimensi; sejarah peradaban Melayu, Perlembagaan Persekutuan, pendekatan nilai Islam dan sosiobudaya Melayu. Kaedah kualitatif berasaskan analisis kandungan digunakan terhadap sumber sekunder daripada jurnal akademik, prosiding, buku, tesis dan dokumen dasar kerajaan. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa keharmonian di Malaysia dipacu oleh integrasi dinamik empat mekanisme utama: (i) Akar sejarah peradaban Melayu yang terbuka; (ii) Prinsip keadilan Islam melalui kerangka perlembagaan; (iii) pendekatan nilai universal Islam berasaskan model Piagam Madinah; serta (iv) manifestasi etika harian melalui penerapan nilai-nilai Islam dalam sosiobudaya Melayu. Integrasi keempat-empat mekanisme ini membuktikan bahawa keharmonian di Malaysia bukanlah sebuah "kebetulan sejarah" atau retorik politik semata-mata tetapi merupakan hasil daripada pengaruh dominan Islam yang membentuk orientasi sosial orang Melayu menjadi komuniti yang terbuka, adil dan akomodatif, sekali gus tunjang kepada kestabilan dan keharmonian nasional dalam kepelbagaian etnik di Malaysia. ABSTRACT In Malaysia, Islam is enshrined as the religion of the Federation under Article 3(1) of the Federal Constitution, yet adherents of other faiths remain free to practice their respective religions in a peaceful environment. The majority of Muslims are Malays who have long coexisted harmoniously with other ethnic groups from diverse backgrounds. This national harmony does not exist in a vacuum; rather, Islam serves as the dominant factor that shapes the 'accommodative attitude of the Malays' toward ethnic and religious plurality. However, the concept of 'Malay accommodative attitude' is often used loosely and is occasionally equated with terms such as tolerance, compromise, or secular pluralism. Furthermore, it is frequently misinterpreted as passive tolerance amidst minority anxieties regarding contemporary pressures in the digital era. Although discourse on unity is often discussed normatively, there remains an analytical gap in synthesizing hierarchical integrative mechanisms that simultaneously encompass the dimensions of civilizational history, legislation, theology, and socio-culture. This article aims to conceptualize the accommodative attitude of the Malays through a four-dimensional analytical framework: Malay civilizational history, the Federal Constitution, Islamic value approaches, and Malay socio-culture. A qualitative method based on content analysis was employed, utilizing secondary sources such as academic journals, proceedings, books, theses, and government policy documents. Findings indicate that harmony in Malaysia is driven by the dynamic integration of four primary mechanisms: (i) the open roots of Malay civilizational history; (ii) the principles of Islamic justice within the constitutional framework; (iii) a universal Islamic value approach based on the Medina Charter model; and (iv) the manifestation of daily ethics through the application of Islamic values within Malay socio-culture. The integration of these four mechanisms proves that harmony in Malaysia is neither a "historical accident" nor mere political rhetoric; instead, it is the result of dominant Islamic influence that shapes the social orientation of the Malays into an open, just, and accommodative community, thereby serving as the backbone of national stability and harmony within Malaysia's ethnic diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rashidah Mamat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEJARAH BALING: KRITIKAN TERHADAP MITOS DAN EVOLUSI PENEMPATAN MASYARAKAT
ABSTRAK Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis asal-usul sejarah dan evolusi penempatan manusia di daerah Baling, Kedah. Kajian ini mengkaji secara kritis perbezaan antara tradisi lisan, mitos, dan bukti sejarah berhubung penamaan serta pembentukan komuniti di kawasan ini. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis kandungan deskriptif terhadap sumber primer dan sekunder. Data dikumpul daripada manuskrip sejarah seperti Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, rekod arkib kerajaan, dokumen rasmi, serta kajian terdahulu bagi memastikan ketepatan naratif sejarah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa etimologi "Baling" sering dikaitkan dengan legenda Raja Bersiong, namun bukti linguistik menunjukkan asal-usul daripada istilah Siam "Ban Ling" (Kampung Kera) adalah lebih signifikan dari sudut sejarah. Secara kronologis, penempatan awal didorong oleh penghijrahan masyarakat Siam akibat konflik wilayah, disusuli dengan kemasukan masyarakat Melayu Patani, Cina, dan kaum Orang Asli yang membentuk kepelbagaian demografi daerah ini. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada historiografi tempatan dengan menjelaskan dikotomi antara mitos dan fakta sejarah. Hasil kajian memberikan input berharga kepada penyelidik dan penggubal dasar dalam memahami evolusi sosio budaya serta integrasi masyarakat berbilang etnik di Baling. ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyse the historical origins and the evolution of human settlement in the Baling district, Kedah. It critically examines the divergence between oral traditions, mythological accounts, and historical evidence concerning the naming and establishment of the area. The study employs a qualitative approach through descriptive content analysis of primary and secondary sources. Data collection encompasses historical manuscripts, such as the Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, government archival records, previous research findings, and official historical reports. Findings reveal that the etymology of "Baling" is often conflated with the myth of Raja Bersiong, yet linguistic evidence strongly suggests an origin from the Siamese term "Ban Ling" (monkey village). Historically, the region witnessed complex migration patterns, with early settlements predominantly established by Siamese communities fleeing regional conflicts, followed by the subsequent integration of Malay Patani, Chinese, and Indian populations. This study contributes to the local historiography by clarifying the distinction between myth and historical fact. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers and policymakers in understanding the multi-ethnic demographic evolution and the historical resilience of the Baling district.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Azlah Sham Rambely https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMERKASAAN KOMUNITI MELALUI PERSATUAN PELANCONGAN DI MALAYSIA: KE ARAH KELESTARIAN SEKTOR PELANCONGAN WARISAN
ABSTRAK Kajian ini meneliti sejauh mana persatuan pelancongan berupaya mengangkat martabat dan memperkasakan komuniti yang tinggal berhampiran tapak warisan arkeologi, dengan tumpuan diberikan kepada NGO dan komuniti pelancongan di Lembah Bujang, Kedah. Melalui pendekatan kajian kes kualitatif, penyelidikan ini menelusuri bagaimana Persatuan AncKed Sungai Batu terlibat dalam pengurusan pelancongan warisan dan apakah kesannya terhadap komuniti setempat. Data lapangan diperoleh melalui pemerhatian etnografi serta aktiviti ikut serta yang dijalankan secara langsung di lapangan, manakala data dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik secara induktif. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini mendapati bahawa persatuan pelancongan memainkan peranan yang tidak boleh dipandang ringan sama ada dalam membina kapasiti komuniti, menyelaraskan pelbagai pihak berkepentingan, mahupun membangunkan produk pelancongan warisan yang beridentiti. Namun begitu, masih terdapat jurang yang nyata iaitu komuniti tempatan masih kurang dilibatkan dalam proses membuat keputusan, kemahiran keusahawanan masih terbatas dan infrastruktur sokongan belum mencukupi. Justeru, kajian ini mengemukakan cadangan model tadbir urus penyertaan yang menghubungkan persatuan pelancongan, pihak berkuasa tempatan dan komuniti secara bersepadu demi kelestarian pembangunan pelancongan warisan. Antara implikasi praktikal yang dicadangkan ialah perlunya rangka kerja dasar yang lebih inklusif serta program pembangunan kapasiti yang lebih menyeluruh dan berterusan. ABSTRACT This study examines the extent to which tourism associations are able to elevate the status and empower communities living near archaeological heritage sites, with a focus on NGOs and tourism communities in Lembah Bujang, Kedah. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research explores how the Sungai Batu AncKed Association is involved in heritage tourism management and what its impact is on the local community. Field data was obtained through ethnographic observations and participatory activities conducted directly in the field, while the data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Overall, this study found that tourism associations play a role that cannot be underestimated either in building community capacity, coordinating various stakeholders, or developing heritage tourism products with identity. However, there are still significant gaps, namely that local communities are still poorly involved in the decision-making process, entrepreneurial skills are still limited and supporting infrastructure is not yet sufficient. Therefore, this study proposes a participatory governance model that connects tourism associations, local authorities and communities in an integrated manner for the sustainability of heritage tourism development. Among the proposed practical implications are the need for a more inclusive policy framework and a more comprehensive and continuous capacity building program.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim, Mokhtar Saidin, Asyaari Muhamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KELESTARIAN WARISAN BUDAYA MASYARAKAT MAJMUK DI MALAYSIA: CABARAN GLOBALISASI DAN LANGKAH PEMULIHARAAN
ABSTRAK Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara majmuk yang kaya dengan khazanah warisan budaya hasil daripada interaksi sejarah dan proses asimilasi yang berpanjangan antara pelbagai etnik. Kepelbagaian ini bukan sahaja menjadi cerminan identiti negara di mata dunia, malah merupakan aset sosiobudaya yang tidak ternilai harganya. Walau bagaimanapun, arus globalisasi yang membawa perubahan drastik dalam gaya hidup moden kini menjadi cabaran utama yang mengancam kelestarian warisan tersebut, khususnya dalam aspek pakaian tradisional, makanan, adat resam, dan seni persembahan. pengaruh media sosial dan teknologi komunikasi yang dominan sering kali dilihat meminggirkan amalan tradisi. Ini sekaligus mengurangkan minat generasi muda terhadap akar umbi budaya mereka. Kajian ini dijalankan menggunakan metodologi kajian kepustakaan secara sistematik dan analisis kandungan untuk menganalisis tahap hakisan warisan budaya serta ancaman kepupusan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat di Malaysia. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa globalisasi, urbanisasi dan dominasi media digital merupakan tiga faktor utama yang mempercepatkan hakisan warisan budaya masyarakat majmuk di Malaysia. Fenomena ini dilihat semakin meruncing melalui pengabaian amalan tradisi yang kini sering dianggap lapuk atau tidak lagi relevan dalam konteks kehidupan moden. Jika tidak dibendung, trend ini berisiko melenyapkan identiti unik sesuatu kaum dan melemahkan ikatan perpaduan nasional. Hasil kajian ini menegaskan keperluan mendesak bagi tindakan kolektif antara pihak kerajaan, institusi pendidikan, komuniti, dan individu dalam memelihara warisan sebagai simbol identiti dan maruah bangsa. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa pemuliharaan warisan budaya adalah satu kemestian bagi menjamin kesinambungan nilai sejarah masa lalu untuk tatapan serta penghayatan generasi masa hadapan agar ia tidak terus hilang ditelan zaman. ABSTRACT Malaysia is a multicultural nation enriched by diverse cultural heritage shaped through historical interactions and long-standing assimilation among various ethnic groups. This heritage serves as a vital representation of national identity and an invaluable sociocultural asset. However, globalization has introduced rapid transformations in modern lifestyles, posing significant challenges to the sustainability of cultural heritage, particularly in traditional attire, cuisine, customs, and performing arts. The widespread influence of social media and digital communication has further marginalized traditional practices, reducing younger generations’ engagement with their cultural roots. This study adopts a systematic literature review and content analysis to examine the extent of cultural heritage erosion and the threats of its potential decline in Malaysia. The findings reveal that globalization, urbanization, and digital media dominance are the primary factors accelerating cultural erosion. Traditional practices are increasingly perceived as outdated and irrelevant, contributing to their gradual abandonment. If left unaddressed, this trend may erode ethnic identities and weaken national unity. Therefore, this study highlights the urgent need for coordinated efforts among government bodies, educational institutions, communities, and individuals to safeguard cultural heritage. Preserving this heritage is essential to ensure the continuity of historical values and to enable future generations to appreciate and sustain Malaysia’s rich cultural legacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Nor Azilah Mohamad, Zahanim Ahmad, Wayu Nor Asikin Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MASYARAKAT CINA SEMASA PENDUDUKAN JEPUN DI TANAH MELAYU: MEMORI, CATUAN MAKANAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP, 1941-1945.
ABSTRAK Makalah ini memerihalkan memori dan naratif masyarakat Cina yang pernah mengalami pengalaman ketika zaman pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu. Memori ini diperoleh melalui kaedah keterangan lisan. Antara penelitian merangkumi aspek pengalaman sendiri, kehidupan harian dan catuan makanan ketika zaman pendudukan Jepun. Naratif kehidupan masyarakat Cina ketika zaman pendudukan Jepun kurang diberikan perhatian berbanding dengan komuniti lain. Pengalaman informan yang ditemubual akan dijadikan data kajian utama memandangkan ia dapat memberikan dimensi baharu. Wawancara tersebut akan dibuat semak silang dengan dokumen rasmi British. Bukan itu sahaja, isu tahap kesihatan yang dipilih sebagai salah satu fokus kajian turut mengisi kelompongan kajian sejarah mengenai kesihatan terutamanya yang melibatkan masyarakat Cina. Objektif makalah ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesengsaraan hidup masyarakat Cina ketika pendudukan Jepun dan meneliti bagaimana mereka menghadapi keadaan kritikal tersebut. Perbincangan dalam kajian ini berfokus kepada kaedah penyelidikan kepustakaan termasuk fail dari Arkib Negara Malaysia, pejabat kolonial dan sumber sekunder serta wawancara bersama informan terpilih berbangsa Cina. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa pengalaman penderitaan dan trauma yang dialami oleh masyarakat Cina ketika zaman pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu adalah aspek penting dalam membentuk naratif pensejarahan di Malaysia. ABSTRACT This article describes the memories and narratives of the Chinese community who experienced the Japanese occupation in Malaya. Oral testimonies gathered those memories. This study also focuses on personal experience, daily life, and food rationing during the Japanese occupation. The narratives of the Chinese community’s life during the Japanese occupation received less attention than those of other communities. The main research data will rely on the experiences of the interviewed informants, as they offer a fresh perspective. The facts provided by the interviewees will be cross-verified with the official British documents. Not only that, but the issue of health status which was chosen as one of the study’s focuses also fills the gap in historical research on health, especially involving the Chinese community. The objective of this paper is to study the misery of the Chinese community during the Japanese occupation and examine how they coped with this critical situation. The discussion in this research focuses on library research methods, including files from the National Archives of Malaysia and Colonial Offices and secondary sources, as well as interviews with selected Chinese informants. The result of the study found that the experiences of suffering and trauma experienced by the Chinese community during the Japanese occupation of Malaya are important aspects in shaping the historical narrative in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lai Yan Lin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF JOGOKARIYAN MOSQUE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN YOGYAKARTA
ABSTRACT This article examines the role of the Jogokariyan Mosque in the development of civil society in Yogyakarta. This study employed a qualitative research design. Primary data were obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. In addition, a review of textbooks, journal articles, bulletins, brochures and internet sources was conducted to support the primary data. The data were examined using descriptive analysis to provide a comprehensive account of the mosque's role in developing civil society in Yogyakarta. The theory of ummah empowerment was applied as the analytical framework. The findings show that the Jogokariyan Mosque plays a highly significant role in developing civil society in Yogyakarta, particularly in the religious, Islamic economic and socio-political spheres.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin, Eliza Farahdiba Saleh, Muh. Ali Ngampo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WATER SECURITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF KEDAH RUBBER CITY IN PADANG TERAP, KEDAH, MALAYSIA
This article examines Padang Terap, Kedah, as an emerging site of zero-reserve industrialisation: the pursuit of resource-intensive industrial development within a state water system reported to have no secure treated-water reserve margin. Focusing on Kedah Rubber City (KRC), the article analyses how a largely rural and upstream district is being repositioned as an industrial water frontier, where new demands for water, energy and infrastructure intersect with unresolved questions of domestic water security. Based on qualitative analysis of policy documents, investment materials, infrastructure reports and public statements, the article argues that KRC’s projected industrial water demand cannot be treated as a neutral utility requirement. Rather, it must be understood within Kedah’s wider development trajectory, in which rubber-based industrialisation, border economic zones and AI-ready digital infrastructure are expanding alongside fragile water-system capacity. The article actively bridges this Malaysian case with wider global debates on the political ecology of infrastructure, water security, resource frontiers and the hidden material costs of industrial and digital capitalism. Although Padang Terap is not itself a data-centre site, its transformation reveals how the pressures of digital-industrial expansion are redistributed across wider hydrological and infrastructural systems. The article contributes the concept of zero-reserve industrialisation to explain how states pursue investment-led growth in contexts where domestic water systems lack sufficient operational buffers. It shows that industrial development in water-constrained regions cannot be evaluated solely through investment value, land availability or employment creation, but must also be assessed through treated-water reserves, treatment capacity, distribution resilience and the prioritisation of household users. By foregrounding Padang Terap, the article demonstrates how peripheral upstream districts are increasingly enrolled into global circuits of industrial and digital expansion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Firdaus Abdullah, Mohd Jailani Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PULAU PINANG SEBAGAI PANGKALAN REVOLUSI CHINA DAN PENGLIBATAN CHEN BIJUN DALAM GERAKAN TONGMENGHUI
ABSTRAK Kajian ini meneliti peranan Pulau Pinang sebagai pangkalan strategik Revolusi China pada awal abad ke-20 melalui penglibatan Chen Bijun (1891-1959) dalam gerakan Tongmenghui. Kajian terdahulu lebih banyak menumpukan perhatian kepada tokoh revolusioner lelaki dan perkembangan politik di China, manakala sumbangan masyarakat Cina perantauan serta wanita revolusioner di Asia Tenggara masih kurang diberikan perhatian. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dengan menganalisis sumber primer dan sekunder, termasuk memoir, surat-menyurat, akhbar revolusioner dan dokumen arkib yang berkaitan dengan aktiviti revolusi China di Asia Tenggara. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Pulau Pinang berfungsi sebagai pusat penting penyebaran ideologi revolusi, mobilisasi politik, pengumpulan dana dan pembentukan jaringan revolusioner transnasional. Kajian ini turut membuktikan bahawa jaringan keluarga, organisasi diaspora, media revolusioner dan hubungan sosial di Pulau Pinang memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk kesedaran politik dan komitmen revolusioner Chen Bijun. Selain dikenali melalui hubungannya dengan Wang Jingwei, Chen Bijun terlibat secara aktif dalam kegiatan revolusi, menyokong penerbitan akhbar revolusioner dan membantu pembiayaan gerakan nasionalis. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Revolusi China berkembang sebagai gerakan transnasional yang disokong oleh masyarakat Cina perantauan, manakala Pulau Pinang muncul sebagai ruang penting dalam pembentukan nasionalisme China moden di luar tanah besar China. ABSTRACT This study examines the role of Penang as a strategic base of the Chinese Revolution in the early twentieth century through the involvement of Chen Bijun (1891-1959) in the Tongmenghui movement. Existing studies have largely focused on prominent male revolutionaries and political developments in China, while the contributions of overseas Chinese communities and women revolutionaries in Southeast Asia remain underexplored. Using a historical approach, this study analyses primary and secondary sources, including memoirs, correspondence, revolutionary newspapers, and archival materials relating to Chinese revolutionary activities in Southeast Asia. The findings demonstrate that Penang functioned as an important centre for the dissemination of revolutionary ideology, political mobilisation, fundraising, and the development of transnational revolutionary networks. The study also reveals that family ties, diaspora organisations, revolutionary publications, and social networks in Penang played a crucial role in shaping Chen Bijun’s political consciousness and revolutionary commitment. Beyond her association with Wang Jingwei, Chen Bijun actively participated in revolutionary activities, supported revolutionary journalism, and contributed to the financing of nationalist movements. The study concludes that the Chinese Revolution was sustained not only by developments in China but also by the active participation of overseas Chinese communities. Penang emerged as a significant site for the construction of Chinese nationalism and revolutionary support beyond mainland China.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teh Shy Hui, Ku Boon Dar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKAL BUDI MASYARAKAT DALAM TEKS “CERITA RAKYAT KELANTAN: HIMPUNAN SELURUH JAJAHAN” MELALUI APLIKASI TEORI PENGKAEDAHAN MELAYU
ABSTRAK Cerita rakyat merupakan kisah yang terjadi pada suatu ketika dahulu yang disampaikan oleh generasi nenek moyang kita kepada waris-warisnya yang kemudiannya berkembang sehingga kini. Cerita rakyat juga banyak memberi nasihat serta pengajaran kepada pembaca atau pendengarnya. Rentetan daripada itu, kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis akal budi masyarakat dalam teks Cerita Rakyat Kelantan: Himpunan Seluruh Jajahan. Kajian ini turut dibataskan dengan hanya memfokuskan kepada akal budi masyarakat yang terdapat di dalam 10 teks terpilih yang mewakili setiap jajahan di Kelantan dalam naskhah Cerita Rakyat Kelantan: Himpunan Seluruh Jajahan karya Nasirin Abdillah, Mohd Firdaus Che Yaacob serta Abdul Latif Abu Bakar pada tahun (2023). Penyelidikan ini juga menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif yang bersandarkan kepada kaedah kepustakaan dan analisis teks. Kajian ini turut mengaplikasikan Teori Pengkaedahan Melayu sebagai fokus utama kajian. Hasil dapatan kajian mendapati bahawasanya akal budi masyarakat yang terdapat di dalam naskhah Cerita Rakyat Kelantan: Himpunan Seluruh Jajahan telah membuka ruang kepada pendedahan mengenai nilai-nilai murni yang telah ditonjolkan oleh masyarakat terdahulu lebih-lebih lagi dalam cerita rakyat Kelantan. ABSTRACT Folklore serves as a timeless narrative medium, handed down through generations, that encapsulates the ethos, moral values, and wisdom of past societies. Grounded in this premise, this study examines the manifestation of akal budi within the text Cerita Rakyat Kelantan: Himpunan Seluruh Jajahan. The scope of this research is strictly focused on analyzing 10 selected folk stories, each representing a distinct district in Kelantan extracted from the anthology compiled by Nasirin Abdillah, Mohd Firdaus Che Yaacob and Abdul Latif Abu Bakar (2023). Employing a qualitative framework centered on library research and textual analysis, this investigation applies Hashim Awang's Malay Methodology Theory as its foundational lens. The findings demonstrate that the selected folklore functions as a vital cultural repository, illuminating the noble virtues, social philosophy, and ethical conduct embedded within traditional Kelantanese society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Dellyna Aljawanis Azlan, Mohd Firdaus Che Yaacob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KONSTRUKSI NILAI KETAATAN DALAM NARATIF “101 PUTERI DUNIA MELAYU: SEJARAH DAN LEGENDA”, ANALISIS BERDASARKAN PENGKAEDAHAN ADAT MELAYU BERASASKAN ISLAM
ABSTRAK Kajian ini merupakan kajian cerita rakyat yang meneliti secara terperinci konstruksi nilai ketaatan dalam naratif 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda. Nilai ketaatan merupakan aspek penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat Melayu yang merangkumi ketaatan kepada ibu bapa, suami, pemerintah dan agama. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini juga dijalankan untuk mengisi kelompangan kajian-kajian terdahulu yang kurang memberi penekanan terhadap nilai ketaatan dengan memfokuskan kepada analisis kandungan teks cerita rakyat dalam 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda. Oleh itu, objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis nilai ketaatan dalam naratif 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda berdasarkan pengkaedahan Islam. Bahan yang diteliti dalam kajian ini ialah sebuah naskhah 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda (2003). Kajian ini juga membataskan empat cerita rakyat yang bertajuk Puteri Sa’adong, Puteri Umbuk Mayang, Mahsuri dan Cik Siti Wan Kembang. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah kepustakaan dan analisis teks. Kajian ini turut mengaplikasikan Teori Pengkaedahan Melayu iaitu menerusi pendekatan Islam sebagai deduktif kajian. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa nilai ketaatan dalam cerita rakyat Melayu dapat memberi kesan positif kepada masyarakat. Cerita rakyat berperanan sebagai medium penyebaran nilai murni dan diharapkan medium tersebut terus diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan seharian bagi membentuk sahsiah dan keharmonian masyarakat. ABSTRACT This folklore study examines in detail the construction of the value of obedience within the narrative of 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda (101 Princesses of the Malay World: History and Legend). The value of obedience is a crucial aspect of Malay society, encompassing obedience to parents, husbands, rulers, and religion. Accordingly, this study was also conducted to address the gaps in previous literature, which placed less emphasis on the value of obedience, by focusing on the textual content analysis of the folklore in 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify and analyze the value of obedience in the narrative of 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda based on the Islamic methodology. The material examined in this study is a copy of 101 Puteri Dunia Melayu: Sejarah dan Legenda (2003). This study also limits its scope to four folklores titled Puteri Sa’adong, Puteri Umbuk Mayang, Mahsuri, and Cik Siti Wan Kembang. The study employs a qualitative approach through library research and textual analysis. Additionally, this study applies the Malay Methodology Theory (Teori Pengkaedahan Melayu) specifically utilizing the Islamic approach as the study's deductive framework. The results of this study indicate that the value of obedience in Malay folklore can bring positive effects to society. Folklore serves as a medium for disseminating noble values, and it is hoped that these values will continue to be applied in daily life to shape character and community harmony.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Adlina Dhabitah Hassanul Farris, Mohd Firdaus Che Yaacob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPAK BUDAYA POPULAR TERHADAP NILAI JATI DIRI KOMUNITI MELAYU ISLAM: SUATU KAJIAN PENEROKAAN DI PANTAI CHENANG, LANGKAWI, KEDAH
ABSTRAK Pembentukan jati diri bangsa mempunyai kaitan dengan warisan budaya seperti kebudayaan yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakatnya sendiri. Dalam era globalisasi dan digitalisasi, budaya popular telah menjadi daya penggerak utama dalam membentuk landskap sosial dan psikologi individu. Ia bukan sekadar hiburan, tetapi telah menyerap masuk ke dalam kehidupan seharian, mempengaruhi cara kita berfikir, dan bertindak. Institusi sosial dan agama dalam masyarakat memainkan peranan penting dalam usaha memupuk dan mempertahankan nilai sosial dan agama yang diwarisi. Pulau Langkawi, menjadi medan pertembungan budaya tempatan dan asing, terutamanya di kawasan pelancongan seperti Pantai Chenang. Kajian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan etnografi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapatnya kepelbagaian bentuk-bentuk budaya popular antaranya ialah pertunjukan api, muzik jalanan, budaya lepak dan budaya makan serta hiburan malam. Budaya popular ini memberikan implikasi yang positif dan negatif kepada komuniti Melayu Islam di Pantai Chenang. Implikasi positif budaya popular ini membuka ruang kreativiti, inovasi dan dapat menjana ekonomi. Manakala implikasi negatif pula budaya popular membawa unsur yang bercanggah dengan norma agama dan budaya tempatan seperti pergaulan bebas, pakaian tidak sopan dan gaya hidup bebas. Justeru, nilai budaya sesuatu bangsa hanya boleh diterima sebagai asas jati diri bangsa tersebut jika ia bersesuaian dengan nilai-nilai agama. Oleh yang demikian, untuk meningkatkan kekuatan jati diri bangsa Melayu adalah dengan penghayatan agama yang sebenar berdasarkan kepada asas-asas pendidikan al-Quran dan al-Sunnah. ABSTRACT The formation of national identity is intrinsically linked to cultural heritage, particularly the cultural traditions and practices developed by a community over generations. In the contemporary era of globalization and digitalization, popular culture has emerged as a significant force shaping individuals' social behaviour, values, and psychological orientations. Beyond functioning as a form of entertainment, popular culture has become deeply embedded in everyday life, influencing patterns of thought, emotions, and behaviour. At the same time, social and religious institutions continue to play a vital role in preserving and transmitting the religious and cultural values that underpin communal identity. As one of Malaysia's leading international tourist destinations, Langkawi, particularly Pantai Chenang represents a dynamic space where local and foreign cultures interact. This study employs a qualitative research design using an ethnographic approach to examine the manifestations of popular culture and their implications for the Malay-Muslim community in Pantai Chenang. The findings reveal various forms of popular culture, including fire performances, street music, leisure-oriented social gatherings (lepak culture), food culture, and nightlife entertainment. These cultural expressions generate both positive and negative consequences. Positively, they contribute to creativity, innovation, tourism development, and local economic growth. Conversely, they also introduce practices that may conflict with Islamic teachings and local cultural norms, including unrestricted gender interaction, immodest dress, and increasingly permissive lifestyles. Therefore, strengthening the identity of the Malay-Muslim community requires a comprehensive appreciation of Islamic teachings based on the principles of the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norzaliza Ghazali, Mohd Nizho Abdul Rahman, Iskandar Adon, Azman Md Zain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KERANGKA ARKEOLOGI INDUSTRI MARITIM MELALUI INTEGRASI ANALISIS MULTI-KAEDAH DI KOMPLEKS ARKEOLOGI SUNGAI BATU KE ARAH PENGURUSAN WARISAN
ABSTRAK Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu (KASB) di Lembah Bujang, Kedah telah diiktiraf sebagai pusat industri besi dan perdagangan terawal di Asia Tenggara sejak kurun keenam Sebelum Masihi (SM). Walaupun kajian-kajian terdahulu telah menghasilkan penemuan penting melalui analisis saintifik dan ekskavasi arkeologi, terdapat jurang ketara dalam mengintegrasikan data multi-kaedah ini untuk rekonstruksi sosio-ekonomi yang komprehensif dan pengurusan warisan yang holistik. Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan kerangka metodologi bersepadu yang menggabungkan data ekskavasi arkeologi, analisis saintifik dan kronologi mutlak untuk merekonstruksi rangkaian ekonomi maritim, organisasi sosial dan teknologi metalurgi kerajaan Kedah Tua. Metodologi kajian melibatkan analisis sekunder terhadap 24 penerbitan saintifik (2021-2026) dan sintesis data arkeometri daripada 17 tapak peleburan besi, 11 jeti sungai, 18 pengurusan pelabuhan dan satu kompleks ritual dan monumen Buddha. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pembangunan kerangka teori baharu dalam arkeologi industri maritim dan menyediakan asas saintifik untuk pengurusan warisan KASB sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada masa hadapan. Implikasi praktikal termasuk cadangan dasar pemuliharaan berasaskan bukti, pembangunan produk pelancongan warisan yang autentik dan strategi penglibatan komuniti yang mampan. Kajian ini membuktikan bahawa pendekatan transdisiplin yang mengintegrasikan sains arkeologi, sejarah maritim dan pengurusan warisan adalah penting untuk memahami tamadun purba secara holistik dan memastikan warisan arkeologi diurus secara bertanggungjawab untuk generasi akan datang. ABSTRACT The Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex (SBAC) in the Bujang Valley, Kedah, has been recognised as the earliest iron industry and trade centre in Southeast Asia since the 6th century BCE. Although previous studies have produced important findings through scientific analysis and archaeological excavations, there is a significant gap in integrating this multi-method data for comprehensive socio-economic reconstruction and holistic heritage management. This study aims to develop an integrated methodological framework that combines archaeological excavation data, scientific analysis and absolute chronology to reconstruct the maritime economic network, social organisation and metallurgical technology of the ancient Kedah kingdom. The study methodology involves secondary analysis of 24 scientific publications (2021-2026) and synthesis of archaeometric data from 17 iron smelting sites, 11 river jetties, 18 port management complexes and one Buddhist ritual and monument complex. This study contributes to the development of a new theoretical framework in maritime industrial archaeology and provides a scientific basis for the future management of the SBAC heritage as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Practical implications include evidence-based conservation policy recommendations, development of authentic heritage tourism products and sustainable community engagement strategies. This study proves that a transdisciplinary approach that integrates archaeological science, maritime history and heritage management is essential to understand ancient civilisations holistically and ensure that archaeological heritage is managed responsibly for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim, Mazlan Mahmud, Mokhtar Saidin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM REVOLUTIONARY BASE TO SITE OF MEMORY: SUN YAT-SEN’S PENANG HERITAGE AND THE MAKING OF A NANYANG REVOLUTIONARY SACRED SITE
ABSTRACT This article examines how Penang came to be remembered as a "Nanyang revolutionary sacred site" of Sun Yat-sen's overseas revolutionary movement. Existing scholarship has largely reconstructed the factual history of overseas Chinese support for the 1911 Revolution, but less attention has been paid to the historical process through which Penang's revolutionary role was transformed into a durable commemorative identity. Drawing on the concepts of the "invention of tradition," lieux de mémoire, cultural memory, and heritage-making, this article argues that Penang's symbolic status was produced through four interrelated processes: the relocation and management of revolutionary organisations under pressure from rival forces in Singapore; the cross-class mobilisation of Penang's Chinese community; the post-revolutionary heritagisation of Sun Yat-sen-related sites; and the selective organisation of memory that simplified or silenced politically complex figures and historical ambiguities. By analysing Penang as both a revolutionary base and a constructed site of memory, this study contributes to the history of the 1911 Revolution, Malaysian historiography, overseas Chinese political mobilisation, and heritage studies in Southeast Asian Chinese communities. It shows that Penang's revolutionary heritage matters not only as a record of anti-Qing activism, but also as a public-history resource through which Malaysian Chinese identity, local heritage interpretation, and heritage tourism continue to be negotiated in a multiethnic national landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xuehe Hou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UPACARA INASI SEBAGAI WADAH PENGURUSAN DAN KELESTARIAN SENI PERSEMBAHAN TRADISI MURUT PALUAN DI SABAH
ABSTRAK Masyarakat Murut Paluan merupakan salah satu sub etnik di Sabah yang masih mengamalkan upacara inasi sebagai kemuncak adat perkahwinan yang sarat dengan elemen seni persembahan tradisi. Walaupun upacara ini mempunyai nilai budaya yang tinggi, penelitian terhadap upacara inasi dari perspektif pengurusan seni persembahan masih terhad, khususnya yang mengaplikasikan kerangka teori persembahan secara sistematik. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan menghuraikan peranan upacara inasi sebagai wadah pengurusan dan kelestarian seni persembahan tradisi Murut Paluan di Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah temu bual dan analisis kandungan terhadap dokumen, gambar foto serta rakaman video. Analisis data dijalankan berasaskan konsep production mode dalam teori persembahan Richard Schechner berfokuskan aspek penganjur, kewangan, tenaga produksi, gaya pengurusan dan tujuan penganjuran. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa upacara inasi mengandungi 12 acara wajib yang membentuk struktur persembahan secara sistematik serta memperlihatkan amalan pengurusan yang dilaksanakan secara kolektif oleh kedua-dua belah keluarga. Setiap elemen production mode saling melengkapi dalam memastikan kelangsungan pelaksanaan upacara, di samping memperkukuh hubungan kekeluargaan, pemindahan pengetahuan budaya dan pemeliharaan warisan masyarakat Murut Paluan. Kajian ini merupakan antara kajian terawal yang menganalisis upacara inasi daripada perspektif pengurusan seni persembahan dengan mengaplikasikan konsep production mode Richard Schechner, sekali gus menyumbang kepada pengembangan korpus ilmu dalam bidang pengurusan seni persembahan tradisi dan warisan budaya masyarakat Murut Paluan di Sabah. Dapatan kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan kepada penyelidik, pengamal budaya dan agensi berkaitan dalam usaha memelihara serta memperkukuh kelestarian seni persembahan tradisi Murut Paluan. ABSTRACT The Murut Paluan community is one of the sub-ethnic groups in Sabah that still practice the inasi ceremony as the culmination of wedding customs that are loaded with traditional performance art elements. Although this ceremony has high cultural value, research on the inasi ceremony from the perspective of performance art management is still limited, especially those that systematically apply the performance theory framework. Therefore, this study aims to describe the role of the inasi ceremony as a platform for the management and sustainability of the Murut Paluan traditional performance art in Sabah. This study uses a qualitative approach through interview methods and content analysis of documents, photographs and video recordings. Data analysis is conducted based on the concept of production mode in Richard Schechner's performance theory focusing on the aspects of the organizer, finance, production personnel, management style and purpose of the organization. The study findings show that the inasi ceremony contains 12 mandatory events that systematically form the performance structure and show management practices that are carried out collectively by both sides of the family. Each element of the production mode complements each other in ensuring the continuity of the ceremony, in addition to strengthening family relationships, transferring cultural knowledge and preserving the heritage of the Murut Paluan community. This study is among the earliest studies that analyzes the inasi ceremony from the perspective of performing arts management by applying Richard Schechner's production mode concept, thus contributing to the development of the corpus of knowledge in the field of traditional performing arts management and cultural heritage of the Murut Paluan community in Sabah. The findings of this study are hoped to be a reference for researchers, cultural practitioners and related agencies in efforts to preserve and strengthen the sustainability of traditional Murut Paluan performing arts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamed Syafiq Salleh, Esterlina Moo Chin Len Lazarus, Sharifuddin Zainal, Amsalib Pisali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TEATER MUZIKAL DUZUNG: ADAPTASI CERITA RAKYAT DALAM PELESTARIAN WARISAN BUDAYA DAN KEPERCAYAAN ETNIK RUNGUS
ABSTRAK Kajian ini menganalisis usaha pelestarian warisan budaya dan kepercayaan etnik Rungus menerusi adaptasi cerita rakyat dalam teater muzikal Duzung. Cerita rakyat ini mengetengahkan identiti unik masyarakat Rungus, meliputi aspek kepercayaan tradisional, struktur sosial, serta warisan budaya seperti adat perkahwinan, tarian, muzik, busana, aksesori, dan rekaan pentas. Proses adaptasi tersebut mentransformasikan naratif tradisional kepada bentuk persembahan kontemporari yang didaktik, seterusnya berfungsi sebagai medium memperkukuh jati diri generasi muda Rungus. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis elemen budaya dan kepercayaan tradisi Rungus dalam persembahan berkenaan. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, data diperoleh melalui kajian kepustakaan, pemerhatian lapangan, temu bual berfokus, dan analisis rakaman audiovisual. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pementasan Duzung bukan sahaja efektif dalam memelihara warisan Rungus, malah memupuk perpaduan nasional melalui kefahaman dan penghargaan terhadap kepelbagaian budaya Malaysia. Ringkasnya, adaptasi cerita rakyat ke teater muzikal terbukti sebagai strategi pemeliharaan budaya yang dinamik dan relevan. Implikasinya, kejayaan Duzung berpotensi memacu pelancongan budaya serta menjadi model rujukan pemuliharaan warisan etnik minoriti di Malaysia. ABSTRACT This study analyses the preservation of the cultural heritage and traditional beliefs of the Rungus ethnic community through the adaptation of folklore in the musical theatre Duzung. The folklore highlights the distinctive identity of the Rungus community, encompassing traditional beliefs, social structure, and cultural heritage, including marriage customs, dance, music, traditional costumes, accessories, and stage design. The adaptation transforms the traditional narrative into a contemporary theatrical performance with a didactic purpose, serving as a medium to strengthen the cultural identity of the younger Rungus generation. The study aims to analyse the cultural elements and traditional beliefs of the Rungus represented in the performance. Adopting a qualitative approach, data were collected through a literature review, field observation, focused interviews, and audiovisual recording analysis. The findings indicate that the Duzung performance is not only effective in preserving Rungus cultural heritage but also contributes to fostering national unity by promoting understanding and appreciation of Malaysia's cultural diversity. In conclusion, the adaptation of folklore into musical theatre has proven to be a dynamic and relevant strategy for cultural preservation. The success of Duzung also demonstrates its potential to promote cultural tourism and serve as a reference model for the preservation of minority ethnic heritage in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esterlina Moo Chin Len Lazarus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERFORMATIVITI GENDER DAN ESTETIKA RITUAL DALAM PEMANIS MASYARAKAT KAGAYAN DI SABAH: ANALISIS JO-HA-KYŪ TERHADAP REPRESENTASI FEMININ
ABSTRAK Kajian ini meneliti representasi feminin dalam ritual Pemanis masyarakat Kagayan di Sabah melalui analisis performativiti gender dan struktur dramatik Jo-Ha-Kyū. Walaupun ritual tradisional di Asia Tenggara sering dikaji dari sudut fungsi spiritual dan sosial, dimensi estetika dramatik serta konstruksi gender simbolik masih kurang diberikan perhatian. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada bagaimana ombo’ lelaki memanifestasikan watak wanita sebagai simbol kosmologi, keseimbangan spiritual, dan kuasa ritual dalam konteks budaya Kagayan. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan etnografi persembahan melalui pemerhatian partisipan, temu bual separa berstruktur, dan analisis audio-visual terhadap ritual yang didokumentasikan di daerah Kudat dan Semporna, Sabah. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa representasi feminin dalam ritual berkembang secara dramatik melalui tiga fasa Jo-Ha-Kyū: permulaan yang terkawal dan sakral (Jo), perkembangan emosi dan intensiti tubuh ritual (Ha), serta pengembalian kepada keseimbangan kosmos (Kyū). Kajian ini berhujah bahawa watak wanita dalam ritual Pemanis tidak berfungsi sebagai representasi gender biologikal semata-mata, tetapi sebagai simbol performatif yang menghubungkan tubuh, spiritualiti, dan struktur sosial komuniti. Secara teoritikal, kajian ini memperluas aplikasi Jo-Ha-Kyū ke dalam konteks ritual pribumi Borneo serta menyumbang kepada perbahasan tentang fleksibiliti gender dalam persembahan ritual Asia Tenggara. ABSTRACT This study examines the representation of femininity in the Pemanis ritual of the Kagayan community in Sabah through the perspectives of gender performativity and the Jo-Ha-Kyū dramatic structure. Although traditional rituals in Southeast Asia have frequently been examined from spiritual and socio-cultural perspectives, their dramatic aesthetics and symbolic constructions of gender remain underexplored. This study focuses on how a male ombo' (ritual specialist) embodies female characters as symbolic representations of cosmology, spiritual equilibrium, and ritual authority within the Kagayan cultural tradition. Employing a performance ethnography approach, the research draws upon participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and audio-visual documentation of Pemanis rituals conducted in Kudat and Semporna, Sabah. The findings reveal that feminine representation develops progressively through the three phases of Jo-Ha-Kyū: a controlled and sacred opening (Jo), an intensification of emotional expression and ritual embodiment (Ha), and a concluding restoration of cosmological balance (Kyū). The study argues that female characters in the Pemanis ritual do not merely represent biological gender but function as performative symbols that mediate the relationship between the body, spirituality, and the social order of the Kagayan community. Theoretically, this research extends the application of the Jo-Ha-Kyū framework to the indigenous ritual traditions of Borneo and contributes to broader discussions on gender performativity, ritual aesthetics, and the fluidity of gender representation in Southeast Asian ritual performances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mashor Awang Long, Mohamad Faisal Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELAT HORMUZ DAN KONFLIK IRAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH GUNAAN: KESINAMBUNGAN KRISIS TENAGA, KEJUTAN BEKALAN DAN KESELAMATAN TENAGA GLOBAL
ABSTRAK Artikel ini meneliti Selat Hormuz dan konflik Iran dalam bidang Sejarah Antarabangsa kontemporari berperspektif Sejarah Gunaan. Permasalahan utama artikel ini ialah kebergantungan sistem tenaga global terhadap Selat Hormuz, sedangkan laluan tersebut berada dalam ruang sejarah Teluk Parsi yang berulang kali mengalami konflik, sekatan ekonomi, persaingan kuasa dan ketegangan keselamatan maritim. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen, analisis kandungan tematik dan pendekatan Sejarah Gunaan terhadap sumber akademik, laporan tenaga, dokumen rasmi, rekod sejarah, kenyataan dasar dan sumber sezaman. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Selat Hormuz bukan sekadar laluan perdagangan tenaga, tetapi kerentanan struktur yang terbentuk melalui kesinambungan sejarah krisis tenaga sejak Krisis Minyak 1973, Revolusi Iran 1979, Perang Iran-Iraq, Tanker War dan Perang Teluk. Konflik Iran berpotensi mencetuskan kejutan bekalan melalui dua mekanisme utama, iaitu gangguan fizikal terhadap aliran minyak dan LNG serta gangguan tidak langsung melalui persepsi risiko pasaran, kos penghantaran dan insurans maritim. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada bidang Sejarah Gunaan dengan menunjukkan bagaimana pengalaman krisis tenaga terdahulu dapat digunakan sebagai asas analisis terhadap kerentanan tenaga kontemporari dan strategi mitigasi negara pengimport tenaga. ABSTRACT This article examines the Strait of Hormuz and the Iran conflict within the field of contemporary International History through an Applied History perspective. The central problem is the global energy system's dependence on the Strait of Hormuz, a route located within the historically unstable Persian Gulf, which has repeatedly experienced conflict, sanctions, power rivalry and maritime security tensions. This study employs a qualitative approach based on document analysis, thematic content analysis and Applied History by examining academic literature, energy reports, official documents, historical records, policy statements and contemporary sources. The findings show that the Strait of Hormuz is not merely an energy trade route but a structural vulnerability shaped by the historical continuity of energy crises since the 1973 Oil Crisis, the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, the Tanker War and the Gulf War. The Iran conflict may trigger kejutan bekalan (supply shock)s through two key mechanisms: physical disruption to oil and LNG flows, and indirect disruption through market persepsi risiko, shipping costs and insurans maritim. This article contributes to Applied History by demonstrating how past energy crises can be used as an analytical basis for understanding contemporary energy vulnerability and mitigation strategies for energy-importing states.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aini Raudhah Roslam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVOLUSI DABT AL-QURAN DAN STANDARDIDASI MASHAF DI MALAYSIA: ANALISIS SEJARAH GUNAAN TERHADAP PERANAN LEMBAGA PENGAWALAN DAN PELESENAN PENCETAKAN AL-QURAN - LPPPQ
ABSTRAK Kepelbagaian tradisi tanda bacaan dalam mashaf import, risiko ralat percetakan dan peluasan penerbitan digital menuntut suatu mekanisme standardisasi yang dapat menjamin ketepatan teks al-Quran di Malaysia. Kajian ini menganalisis bagaimana sejarah evolusi dabt al-Quran berfungsi sebagai sumber autoriti, alat diagnosis dan asas kesinambungan institusi dalam tadbir urus mashaf oleh Lembaga Pengawalan dan Pelesenan Pencetakan Al-Quran (LPPPQ). Kajian kualitatif berasaskan Sejarah Gunaan ini menggunakan analisis kandungan, kritikan sumber dan perbandingan sejarah terhadap dua karya klasik dabt, Akta Pencetakan Teks Al-Qur'an 1986 yang dikemas kini setakat 1 September 2023, garis panduan Kementerian Dalam Negeri (KDN) bagi pruf akhir dan penerbitan digital, serta literatur berkaitan sejarah mashaf dan Sejarah Gunaan. Analisis dioperasikan melalui lima langkah: mengenal pasti masalah kontemporari, menelusuri masalah sejarah yang sebanding, mengenal pasti prinsip penyelesaian klasik, meneliti terjemahannya dalam prosedur moden dan menilai batas analogi. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa hubungan klasik-moden tidak berbentuk penyalinan langsung, tetapi kesinambungan fungsi: inovasi nuqat dan harakat yang dahulu mengurangkan kekaburan bacaan kini diterjemahkan kepada rujukan Rasm Uthmani, penetapan naskhah piawai, semakan berlapis, perakuan pruf akhir, kawalan import serta prosedur khusus bagi aplikasi digital. Sumbangan utama artikel ialah memperkenalkan dabt al-Quran sebagai kes Sejarah Gunaan dalam tadbir urus teks suci, dengan sejarah berperanan menjelaskan mengapa standard diperlukan, menyediakan bahasa teknikal untuk pengesahan dan membentuk memori institusi bagi kawalan mutu. Kajian ini turut menegaskan bahawa bukti awam yang tersedia menunjukkan kesinambungan genealogi dan fungsi, tetapi belum memadai untuk membuktikan bahawa setiap keputusan LPPPQ dibuat melalui rujukan langsung kepada sesuatu kitab turath tertentu. ABSTRACT The coexistence of different recitational-sign traditions in imported mushafs, the risk of printing errors, and the expansion of digital publication require a standardization mechanism that safeguards the accuracy of the Quranic text in Malaysia. This article examines how the historical evolution of dabt al-Quran functions as a source of authority, a diagnostic tool, and a basis of institutional continuity in mushaf governance by the Board of Control and Licensing of Quranic Printing (LPPPQ). This qualitative Applied History study employs content analysis, source criticism, and historical comparison of two classical works on dabt, the Printing of Qur'anic Texts Act 1986 as updated on 1 September 2023, Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) guidelines on final proofs and digital publication, and scholarship on mushaf history and Applied History. The analysis follows five steps: identifying a contemporary problem, tracing a comparable historical problem, identifying classical problem-solving principles, examining their translation into modern procedures, and assessing the limits of analogy. The findings show that the classical-modern relationship is not a direct replication but a continuity of function: the earlier development of nuqat and harakat to reduce reading ambiguity is now institutionalized through the adoption of Rasm Uthmani, a designated reference mushaf, layered verification, final-proof certification, import controls, and specific procedures for digital applications. The article's principal contribution is to present dabt al-Quran as a case of Applied History in the governance of sacred texts, where history explains the need for standards, supplies a technical vocabulary for verification, and provides institutional memory for quality control. Publicly available evidence supports a functional and genealogical continuity, but does not establish that every LPPPQ decision directly cites a particular classical treatise.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Syahir Ahamad Nzly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTORIOGRAFI WANITA MELAYU PRA-KEMERDEKAAN: SATU PENILAIAN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PENULISAN ILMIAH
ABSTRAK Penulisan sejarah mengenai wanita Melayu pra-kemerdekaan semakin berkembang dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, namun representasi golongan tersebut masih memperlihatkan kecenderungan yang tidak seimbang. Kebanyakan penulisan memberi tumpuan kepada tokoh wanita yang mempunyai kedudukan dalam politik, pendidikan dan organisasi masyarakat, manakala pengalaman wanita daripada kelompok masyarakat biasa kurang diberikan perhatian. Keadaan ini menunjukkan bahawa pembentukan historiografi wanita Melayu dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan sumber, pendekatan penyelidikan dan tafsiran sejarawan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti kecenderungan utama dalam penulisan ilmiah mengenai wanita Melayu pra-kemerdekaan, menilai bentuk representasi wanita dalam historiografi tempatan serta menganalisis corak penulisan sejarah yang mempengaruhi pembentukan naratif mengenai wanita Melayu. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah kajian kepustakaan dengan menganalisis artikel jurnal, buku akademik, bab dalam buku dan tesis yang berkaitan. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis kandungan berasaskan kerangka historiografi melalui proses pengelasan tema, perbandingan hujah sarjana dan sintesis kritikal. Analisis mendapati bahawa historiografi wanita Melayu pra-kemerdekaan masih memperlihatkan empat kecenderungan utama, iaitu penumpuan kepada tokoh wanita daripada golongan elit, pengabaian pengalaman wanita daripada kelompok masyarakat biasa, pergantungan kepada sumber kolonial serta perubahan corak penulisan historiografi yang semakin berkembang mengikut tema penyelidikan. Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan tersebut masih belum menghasilkan gambaran yang benar-benar menyeluruh mengenai pengalaman wanita Melayu sebelum kemerdekaan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada perkembangan historiografi Malaysia dengan menyediakan satu penilaian kritikal terhadap corak penulisan sejarah wanita Melayu serta mencadangkan penggunaan sumber yang lebih pelbagai bagi menghasilkan historiografi yang lebih seimbang. ABSTRACT The historiography of pre-independence Malay women has expanded considerably over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the representation of Malay women in historical scholarship remains uneven. Existing studies predominantly focus on prominent women who occupied significant roles in politics, education, and social organisations, while the experiences of ordinary women have received comparatively little scholarly attention. This pattern suggests that the historiography of Malay women has been shaped by the selection of historical sources, research approaches, and historians’ interpretations. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the major trends in scholarly writing on pre-independence Malay women, examine their representation in Malaysian historiography, and analyse the patterns of historical writing that have influenced the construction of historical narratives concerning Malay women. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on library research by examining journal articles, academic books, book chapters, and relevant theses. Data were analysed using content analysis within a historiographical framework through thematic classification, comparison of scholarly arguments, and critical synthesis. The findings reveal four dominant historiographical patterns: a concentration on elite female figures, the marginalisation of ordinary women’s experiences, a heavy reliance on colonial sources, and the evolution of historiographical writing in line with emerging research themes. Despite these developments, the changing scope of research has yet to produce a comprehensive representation of the experiences of Malay women in the pre-independence period. This study contributes to Malaysian historiography by providing a critical assessment of the patterns of historical writing on Malay women and by advocating the broader use of diverse historical sources to produce a more balanced and comprehensive historiography.
Copyright (c) 2026 NorAisyah Ahmad, Hasnah Hussiin, Haslindawati Saari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KEDAH TUA: WARISAN PERDAGANGAN REMPAH ALAM MELAYU DAN IMPLIKASINYA KEPADA PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI KOMUNITI KONTEMPORARI
ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menilai peranan kerajaan Kedah Tua dalam perdagangan rempah ratus di Alam Melayu Nusantara dan merekodkan potensi warisan maritim ini dalam proses pembangunan ekonomi komuniti kontemporari. Kedah Tua sebagai sebuah kerajaan maritime entreport yang terletak di laluan perdagangan Selat Melaka-Laut China Selatan telah terlibat dalam perdagangan antarabangsa sejak sebelum Masihi menjadikan ada kemungkinan kerajaan ini memainkan peranan terhadap perdagangan rempah di Alam Melayu. Bagi memperlengkapkan kajian, metodologi kajian seperti meneliti literatur akademik, dokumen sejarah dan laporan arkeologi telah dilakukan. Hasil kajian mendedahkan walaupun bukti arkeologi langsung untuk komoditi rempah Kedah Tua adalah terhad, namun berdasarkan kedudukan geografi Kedah Tua dan konteks perdagangan serantau menunjukkan kemungkinan ada penglibatan kritikal Kedah Tua dalam perdagangan rempah, di samping terdapat bukti ketara pengeluaran besi, struktur pelabuhan dan artifak lain di Lembah Bujang dan Sungai Batu yang menunjukkan kawasan ini sebagai lokasi perdagangan utama. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini menyatakan bahawa Kedah Tua merupakan nod penting dalam rangkaian perdagangan maritim Nusantara, yang memperdagangkan pelbagai komoditi termasuk rempah ratus, besi dan sumber hutannya. Warisan maritimnya berpotensi untuk meningkatkan pelancongan warisan, identiti negara dan ekonomi kreatif di Malaysia. Oleh itu, kajian ini menawarkan pemahaman bersepadu tentang sejarah maritim Kedah Tua dan mengetengahkan peluang dan cabaran untuk memanfaatkan warisan ini dalam Malaysia kontemporari. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman historiografi maritim Kedah Tua dengan menghubungkan warisan perdagangan rempah kepada pembangunan identiti nasional, pelancongan warisan dan pemerkasaan ekonomi komuniti kontemporari. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze and evaluate the role of the Kedah Tua government in the spice trade within the Nusantara Malay Realm, and to record the potential of this maritime heritage in the economic development process of the contemporary community. Ancient Kedah, as a maritime entrepôt kingdom located on the Straits of Malacca-South China Sea trade route, has been involved in international trade since before Christ, making it possible for this kingdom to play a study aims to analyze and evaluate the role of the ancient role in the spice trade in the Malay Archipelago. To complete the study, research methodologies such as reviewing academic literature, historical documents, and archaeological reports The study employed research methodologies such as reviewing academic literature, historical documents, and archaeological reports. The results of the study revealed that although direct archaeological evidence for the spice commodity of ancient Kedah is limited, based on the geographical position of ancient Kedah and the regional trade context, ancient Kedah may have been critically involved in the spice trade, in addition to there being significant evidence of iron production, port structures, and other artifacts in the Bujang Valley that indicate this area as a major trading location. Therefore, this study states that ancient Kedah is an important node in the maritime trade network of the Nusantara, which trades various commodities, including spices, iron, and its forest resources. Its maritime heritage has the potential to enhance heritage tourism, national identity, and the creative economy in Malaysia. Therefore, this study offers an integrated understanding of the maritime history of ancient Kedah and highlights the opportunities and challenges for harnessing this heritage in contemporary Malaysia. This study contributes to the understanding of the maritime historiography of ancient Kedah by linking the legacy of the spice trade to the development of national identity, heritage tourism, and the economic empowerment of contemporary communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mazlan Mahmud, Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim, Mokhtar Saidin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEJARAH KEKELUARGAAN DALAM CABANG ILMU SEJARAH : KAJIAN ASAS TERHADAP KELUARGA BROOKE DAN GOH DI SARAWAK
ABSTRAK Sejarah Kekeluargaan adalah satu kajian mengenai salasilah berdasarkan naratif kehidupan dan asal usul nenek moyang yang membentuk identiti unik sesebuah generasi. Usaha mengkaji sejarah amat penting kerana ini bukan sahaja berfungsi sebagai jambatan yang menghubungkan masa lalu dengan masa kini bagi membina jati diri yang utuh malah dapat mengambil sebagai pengajaran berdasarkan pengalaman terdahulu bagi mengukuhkan ikatan silaturahim antara ahli keluarga. Dalam konteks lebih luas, institusi kekeluargaan merupakan penyumbang utama dalam mengubah perspektif ekonomi melalui pola perbelanjaan yang matang serta penyediaan modal insan yang berkualiti. Ini sama ada menerusi pendidikan atau pun pembangunan perniagaan warisan yang menyumbang secara langsung kepada kestabilan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Secara umumnya Sejarah Kekeluargaan atau genealogi adalah kajian mengenai salasilah dan sejarah kehidupan ahli keluarga. Ini bukan sekadar nama dan tarikh lahir tetapi merangkumi kisah hidup seperti pencapaian, kegagalan dan penghijrahan nenek moyang kita. Melalui aspek sejarah seperti ini kita dapat menggambarkan tentang kemunculan identiti dan budaya keluarga kita terbentuk dari masa ke masa. Artikel ini adalah bertujuan menyusun langkah untuk merangka silibus kursus sejarah kekeluargaan yang dicadangkan sebagai satu cabang ilmu dalam program Sejarah Gunaan. Artikel ini mendeskriptifkan tentang pengenalan, metodologi, pembahagian bidang dan contoh kajian kes yang merujuk sejarah kekeluargaan seperti sejarah keluarga Brooke dan Keluarga Goh di Sarawak. ABSTRACT Family History is a study of genealogy based of narratives and ancestaral origin that form the uniqueness of a generation. The endeavor to study history is a vital as it serves not only as a bridge connecting the past with the present to build resilient self identity, but also allows for lesson to be drawn from past experience to strenghthen the bond of kingship among family members. In a broader context, institution of family also acts as a primary provider in transforming economic perspectives through mature spending patterns and the provision of quality human capital education and the development of legacy businesses, which contribute directly to the stability and economi growth of the nation. Family History also studying about lineaged or life histories family members. It is not merely about names and birth dates, but encompasses life stories such as achievement, failure and the migration of our ancestor. Aspect of history, can illustrate how family identity and culture have been shaped over time. This article dicusess early step towards a comprehensive syllabus for a Family History course, which seek to become a branch of knowledge within applied history program. This explanation describes the introduction, methodology, divisional fields and case studies in family history such as the Brooke Family and Goh Family history in Sarawak.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusry Sulaiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRENDS OF POSTCOLONIAL HISTORY RESEARCH THROUGH THE LENS OF BIBLIOMETRIC
ABSTRACT Postcolonial history has developed as a critical field of historical inquiry that investigates the continuing legacies of colonialism and their influence on political structures, cultural identities, social relations and systems of knowledge. By challenging Eurocentric interpretations of the past, postcolonial historiography has expanded historical analysis towards questions of agency, representation, memory and the experiences of formerly colonised societies. This study aims to examine the evolution, intellectual structure and development of postcolonial history research through a bibliometric analysis. Based on Scopus-indexed publications from 1947 to 2025, this study evaluates publication trends, citation patterns, geographical contributions, keyword developmentand international research collaboration. A structured search strategy was applied to identify relevant publications within the Arts and Social Sciences, while VOSviewer was utilised to analyse citation networks, keyword co-occurrence and collaboration patterns. The findings indicate a sustained growth in postcolonial history scholarship, particularly from the early twenty-first century, demonstrating the increasing institutional significance of the field. Citation analysis highlights the influence of key studies addressing imperial governance, colonial economies, knowledge systems and cultural domination. The country-level analysis shows that research production remains concentrated in the United Kingdom and the United States, although contributions from other regions indicate a gradual expansion of global scholarly participation. Thematic analysis reveals continuity in core concepts such as colonialism, imperialism, and decolonisation, while identifying emerging areas of inquiry related to identity, race, memory, nationalism, and settler colonialism. This study demonstrates that postcolonial history has transformed from a critique of imperial narratives into a diverse and interdisciplinary field that continues to redefine approaches to historical knowledge production. The findings provide a systematic understanding of the field’s development while highlighting the ongoing need for more inclusive and geographically balanced global scholarship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Hafizah Alimunir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMBENTUKAN IDENTITI DAN NILAI MORAL DALAM TEKS “SEUNTAIAN NARATIF LISAN DI LEMBANGAN SUNGAI PENGKALAN DATU, KELANTAN” BERDASARKAN TEORI TAKMILAH
ABSTRAK Cerita rakyat merupakan komponen sastera lisan yang mencerminkan kekayaan budaya serta akal budi masyarakat tradisi. Naratif lisan dari cerita rakyat ini juga merupakan elemen yang melahirkan naratif sejarah yang menggambarkan masyarakat Melayu tradisional. Bagaimanapun, arus pemodenan yang pesat menyebabkan genre ini kian terpinggir dalam kalangan generasi muda akibat persepsi bahawa naratif tradisional tidak lagi relevan. Hakikatnya, penelitian mendalam terhadap cerita rakyat mampu menyingkap sistem nilai dan jati diri masyarakat Melayu. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis pembentukan identiti serta nilai moral serta unsur unsur sejarah yang terkandung dalam teks Seuntaian Naratif Lisan di Lembangan Sungai Pengkalan Datu, Kelantan. Analisis teks ini menerapkan Teori Takmilah sebagai kerangka kerja deduktif bagi menilai perkaitan antara estetika karya dengan pembentukan sahsiah khalayak. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif yang bersandarkan kajian kepustakaan dan analisis tekstual, kajian ini meneliti naratif terpilih secara tekstual. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa teks naratif lisan tersebut sarat dengan manifestasi identiti tempatan dan nilai moral yang signifikan seperti keberanian, kerendahan hati dan ketaatan. Nilai nilai ini bukan sahaja berfungsi sebagai instrumen didaktik, malah berupaya memperkukuh jati diri budaya adat Melayu dan memori sosial masyarakat Melayu di Lembangan Sungai Pengkalan Datu. ABSTRACT Folklore serves as a vital component of oral literature that reflects the cultural richness and intellectual heritage of traditional societies. Oral narratives from this folklore are also elements that generate a historical narrative depicting traditional Malay society However, rapid modernization has marginalized this genre among the younger generation, driven by the perception that traditional narratives are no longer relevant. In reality, a profound examination of folklore can reveal the core value systems and identity of the Malay community. Consequently, this study aims to identify and analyze the formation of identity and moral values within the text Seuntaian Naratif Lisan di Lembangan Sungai Pengkalan Datu, Kelantan. The textual analysis applies Takmilah Theory as a deductive framework to evaluate the relationship between the aesthetic qualities of the work and the character development of the audience. Utilizing a qualitative methodology grounded in library research and textual analysis, this study examines selected narratives textually. The findings demonstrate that these oral narratives are deeply embedded with manifestations of local identity and significant moral values such as bravery, humility and obedience. These values not only function as didactic instruments, but are also capable of strengthening the cultural identity of Malay customs and the social memory of the Malay community in the Pengkalan Datu River Basin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dania Putri Elisa Riyasnil, Mohd Firdaus Che Yaacob, Afidatul Syazwani Afandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM THROUGH A MULTIDIMENSIONAL LENS: METHODS, MODELS, AND THE CASE OF THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Cultural heritage tourism plays a pivotal role in the preservation of both tangible and intangible heritage while contributing to regional socio-economic development. This study addresses the growing needs to evaluate the multidimensional value of cultural heritage amid rapid tourism expansion. The objective is to systematically review the development of cultural heritage tourism and examine contemporary methods used for heritage value assessment. Methodologically, this research adopts a literature review approach, analyzing domestic and international sources to explore qualitative and quantitative evaluation tools, including Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), factor analysis, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the Travel Cost Method (TCM), and the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Case analyses—particularly the Great Wall Cultural Heritage Corridor and its incorporation into China’s National Cultural Park framework—highlight the evolving practices of integrated conservation, digital engagement, and community participation. Findings reveal a predominance of economic and tangible asset valuation in current literature, with insufficient attention paid to socio-cultural dimensions such as collective memory, identity, and local participation. The paper concludes that sustainable cultural heritage tourism requires a more inclusive and community-centered governance model, alongside innovative strategies such as immersive digital technologies and cross-sector collaboration. This multidimensional and dynamic approach ensures heritage remains a living cultural asset while balancing conservation and development goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xuehe Hou, Zulhilmi Bin Paidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KOMUNITI DAN PERUBAHAN: MENELUSURI SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN KOMUNITI DI TANAH MELAYU
Pendudukan British di negara ini telah meninggalkan kesan yang mendalam terhadap keadaan sosioekonomi masyarakat Tanah Melayu khususnya semasa era pemerintahan British dan selepas kemerdekaan. Keadaan ini diumpamakan sebagai bagaimana rupa acuan begitulah apa yang berlaku selepasnya. Tidak dinafikan keadaan sosioekonomi masyarakat Melayu sebelum kemasukan penjajah Barat masih belum maju dari pelbagai aspek terutamanya ekonomi dan pendidikan. Ini disebabkan oleh sikap masyarakat Melayu yang belum mahu berubah, kekurangan ilmu dan teknologi moden. Masyarakat Melayu banyak terlibat dalam bidang-bidang bukan komersial dan tidak memerlukan kemahiran yang tinggi. Keadaan ini dilihat tidak banyak berubah semasa pendudukan British. Untuk itu, kerajaan Tanah Melayu telah berusaha untuk mengubah kehidupan masyarakat Melayu melalui program pembangunan masyarakat di bawah rancangan pembangunan luar bandar. Kajian ini dilakukan terhadap salah satu program yang diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan Tanah Melayu yang bertujuan bagi membangunkan masyarakat Tanah Melayu pada waktu itu melalui Pembangunan Komuniti atau dikenali sebagai Community Development. Pembangunan Komuniti merupakan usaha menyeluruh kerajaan bagi memastikan masyarakat luar bandar maju dari pelbagai aspek kehidupan dan mampu bersaing dengan kaum yang lain. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi sejarah yang melibatkan pelbagai tindakan seperti heuristik, kritikan, analisis, dan historiografi. Sumber dan bahan kajian ini kebanyakannya berdasarkan sumber primer seperti dokumen Kerajaan Persekutuan seperti fail-fail kerajaan Persekutuan, Minit Mesyuarat, Laporan tahunan, Surat Persendirian dan sebagainya yang sebahagiannya diperoleh daripada Arkib Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Hasil kajian ini memperlihatkan usaha awal pihak kerajaan yang signifikan bagi membangunkan masyarakat luar bandar dalam pelbagai aspek terutamanya sosioekonomi sebelum kemerdekaan dan awal kemerdekaan. Pembangunan Komuniti yang dijalankan oleh kerajaan Tanah Melayu ini telah mendapat pengiktirafan dari beberapa buah negara ASEAN yang lain sehingga Tanah Melayu menjadi contoh dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan masyarakat luar bandar dalam masa yang singkat. ABSTRACT The British occupation of this country left a profound impact on the socioeconomic conditions of the society in the Malay Peninsula, particularly during the British administration and after independence. This situation can be likened to the saying, “as the mold is shaped, so will be the outcome.” It is undeniable that the socioeconomic status of the Malay community before the arrival of Western colonial powers was still underdeveloped in various aspects, especially in terms of the economy and education. This was due to the Malay community’s reluctance to change, lack of knowledge, and limited access to modern technology. Most Malays were involved in non-commercial sectors that did not require high levels of skill. This situation did not see a significant change during British rule. In response, the government of the Malay Peninsula made efforts to transform the lives of the Malay community through community development programs under the rural development plans. This study focuses on one such program introduced by the government of the Malay Peninsula, which aimed to uplift the Malay society at the time through Community Development. Community Development was a comprehensive government initiative to ensure that rural communities progressed in various aspects of life and could compete with other ethnic groups. This research employs historical methodology, involving multiple approaches such as heuristics, critique, analysis, and historiography. The sources and materials used are primarily based on primary sources, including Federal Government documents such as official files, meeting minutes, annual reports, personal letters, and others, many of which were obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur. The findings of this study highlight the early and significant efforts of the government to develop rural communities in various aspects, particularly socioeconomic, both before and in the early years following independence. The Community Development initiatives carried out by the government of the Malay Peninsula gained recognition from several other ASEAN countries, to the extent that the Malay Peninsula became a model for rural community development within a short period.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasnah Binti Hussiin, Nor Aisyah Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERANAN PENTADBIR MELAYU DALAM SEKTOR EKONOMI JOHOR 1862-1914
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan pentadbir Melayu dalam sektor ekonomi negeri Johor dari tahun 1862 hingga 1914. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis peranan pentadbir Melayu dalam lapangan ekonomi Johor khususnya dalam sektor pertanian komersial dan perlombongan yang merupakan nadi ekonomi Johor. Kajian sedia ada sebelum ini banyak memfokuskan kepada golongan saudagar dan imigran Cina yang mendominasi sektor pertanian komersial dan perlombongan di negeri itu sementelahan peranan golongan pentadbir Melayu yang merupakan tunjang di sebalik kejayaan Johor dalam sektor ekonomi namun kurang diberikan perhatian. Justeru, kajian ini akan memfokuskan penelitian semula terhadap peranan pentadbir Melayu ini khususnya dalam aspek tadbir urus ekonomi. Bersandarkan kepada sumber-sumber arkib seperti rekod pentadbiran negeri Johor dan rekod surat-menyurat serta catatan peribadi pentadbir Melayu dan metodologi penyelidikan disiplin sejarah, kajian ini akan menganalisis secara kualitatitf peranan golongan pentadbir Melayu Johor dalam sektor ekonomi di negeri itu. Dapatan kajian mendapati para pentadbir Melayu sememangnya mempunyai peranan yang signifikan dalam memacu kemajuan ekonomi Johor. ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the role of Malay administrators in the state of Johor's economic sector from 1862 to 1914. The primary objective of this research is to analyses the contributions of Malay administrators to Johor's economy, particularly in the commercial agriculture and mining sectors, which form the backbone of the state's economic development. Existing studies have predominantly focused on the roles of Chinese merchants and immigrants who dominated these sectors, thereby overlooking the contributions of Malay administrators, who were, in fact, pivotal to Johor’s economic success. Therefore, this study seeks to re-evaluate the role of these administrators, with a specific focus on aspects of economic governance. Drawing on archival sources, including the administrative records of the state of Johor, official correspondence, and personal notes of Malay administrators, and employing historical research methodology, this study conducts a qualitative analysis of the role played by Malay administrators in Johor’s economic sector. The findings indicate that Malay administrators indeed played a significant role in driving Johor’s economic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Izuan Abdul Rahman, Muhamad Hasrul Zakariah, Azmi Bin Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ILMU SILAT SYEIKH ABDULLAH: SEBUAH KRITIKAN
Syeikh Abdullah merupakan tokoh pendakwah yang mengislamkan Raja Kedah iaitu Seri Paduka Maharaja Derbar Raja sekaligus menyebarkan Islam di Empayar Kedah. Yahya Said yang merupakan pengasas Silat Kalimah menisbahkan ilmu persilatannya berasal daripada Syeikh Abdullah atau digelar Syeikh Tajrid, tetapi kesemuanya adalah berdasarkan riwayat lisan semata-mata. Silat Cekak yang diasaskan oleh Hanafi Ahmad yang beliau pelajari ilmu silat itu daripada Yahya Said turut menyebut mengenai Syeikh Tajrid. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, maka artikel ini memiliki dua objektif. Pertama, mengenal pasti kebenaran gelaran Syeikh Abdullah iaitu Syeikh Tajrid. Kedua, mengenal pasti pengajaran silat Syeikh Abdullah dalam catatan sejarah. Kajian ini dilakukan secara kepustakaan yang menjadikan tiga buku sebagai rujukan utama bagi memenuhi objektif iaitu Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Salasilah Atau Tarikh Kerajaan Kedah dan Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah. Selain itu, bahan-bahan penulisan daripada Silat Cekak dan Silat Kalimah juga dijadikan rujukan. Dapatan kajian dianalisis secara kritis. Hasil kajian mendapati tiada langsung catatan bahawa Syeikh Abdullah membawa gelaran Syeikh Tajrid melainkan penisbahan “Qumairi” yang terdapat beberapa perbezaan sebutan. Selain itu, tiada dalam mana-mana catatan sejarah bahawa Syeikh Abdullah mengajarkan silat, melainkan beliau ditampar dan ditumbuk oleh Iblis dalam Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. Penelitian awal mendapati bahawa silibus Silat Kalimah atau Silat Cekak yang wujud sekarang ini berkemungkinan adalah hasil pengalaman Kesultanan Kedah mengambil ilmu persilatan daripada pelbagai sumber. ABSTRACT Sheikh Abdullah was a prominent Islamic missionary who converted the King of Kedah, Seri Paduka Maharaja Derbar Raja, to Islam and subsequently spread Islam throughout the Kedah Empire. Yahya Said, the founder of Silat Kalimah, attributed his martial arts knowledge to Sheikh Abdullah, also known as Sheikh Tajrid, although this claim is based solely on oral tradition. Silat Cekak, founded by Hanafi Ahmad who learned the martial art from Yahya Said, also references Sheikh Tajrid. Given these issues, this article has two objectives. First, to verify the authenticity of the title "Sheikh Tajrid" attributed to Sheikh Abdullah. Second, to identify any historical records of Sheikh Abdullah teaching silat. This study was conducted through a literature review, using three main books as primary references to fulfill the objectives: Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Salasilah Atau Tarikh Kerajaan Kedah, and Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah. In addition, written materials from Silat Cekak and Silat Kalimah were also used as references.The research findings were critically analyzed. The results show that there is no historical record indicating that Sheikh Abdullah held the title Sheikh Tajrid, except for the attribution "Qumairi," which appears with varying pronunciations. Furthermore, there is no historical evidence that Sheikh Abdullah taught silat, apart from an account in Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa where he was slapped and punched by Iblis (the Devil). Preliminary observations suggest that the current syllabus of Silat Kalimah or Silat Cekak may be a product of the Kedah Sultanate’s accumulated experiences, drawing martial arts knowledge from various sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazmi Qayyum, Muhammad Nasrullah, Ahmad Imran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEGEMONI DAN RINTANGAN: INSTITUSIONALISASI KESATUAN SEKERJA DI MALAYSIA
Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis proses institusionalisasi kesatuan sekerja di Malaysia dari perspektif sejarah dengan mengaplikasikan kerangka teori hegemoni Antonio Gramsci. Kajian ini meneliti perkembangan gerakan kesatuan sekerja dari zaman kolonial British sehingga pasca-kemerdekaan, dengan memberi tumpuan kepada mekanisme kawalan hegemonik negara dan bentuk-bentuk rintangan yang digunakan oleh gerakan buruh. Melalui analisis kandungan deskriptif terhadap sumber-sumber sekunder, kajian ini mengenal pasti tiga fasa utama institusionalisasi: zaman kolonial yang meletakkan asas sistem kawalan buruh berasaskan kaum, tempoh Darurat (1948-1960) yang mengukuhkan mekanisme perundangan untuk “menjinakkan” kesatuan, dan era pasca-merdeka yang mengintegrasikan kesatuan ke dalam struktur pembangunan negara. Struktur hegemonik yang dibentuk melalui tiga mekanisme utama: perundangan yang mengehadkan, kawalan birokrasi, dan manipulasi ideologi telah berjaya mengekang potensi gerakan kesatuan sebagai agen perubahan sosial. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian ini juga mendedahkan pelbagai bentuk rintangan, dari konfrontasi langsung hingga ungkapan budaya yang mengkritik eksploitasi dan menuntut pengiktirafan maruah pekerja. Warisan kolonial yang membentuk struktur perburuhan dan kesatuan sekerja di Malaysia terus mempengaruhi dinamik hubungan antara negara, modal dan buruh, dengan implikasi yang mendalam terhadap keberkesanan perwakilan pekerja dalam sistem yang sedia ada. ABSTRACT This paper analyses the institutionalisation process of trade unions in Malaysia from a historical perspective by applying Antonio Gramsci's theoretical framework of hegemony. The study examines the development of the trade union movement from the British colonial era through to post-independence, focusing on the mechanisms of state hegemonic control and the forms of resistance employed by the labour movement. Through descriptive content analysis of secondary sources, this research identifies three main phases of institutionalisation: the colonial period, which established the foundations for a race-based labour control system; the Emergency period (1948-1960), which strengthened legal mechanisms to “domesticate” unions; and the post-independence era, which integrated unions into the national development structure. The hegemonic structure formed through three primary mechanisms: restrictive legislation, bureaucratic control, and ideological manipulation, has successfully constrained the potential of the union movement as an agent of social change. Nevertheless, this study also reveals various forms of resistance, from confrontation to cultural expressions that critique exploitation and demand recognition of workers' dignity. The colonial legacy that shaped Malaysia's labour and trade union structures continues to influence the dynamics between state, capital and labour, with profound implications for the effectiveness of worker representation within the existing system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamsul Azri Mohd Radzi, Faridah Jaafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WATER POLITICS AND POPULIST GOVERNANCE IN MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF MUHAMMAD SANUSI MD NOR ADMINISTRATION IN KEDAH, 2020-2024
In this article, I examine the intersection between water governance and populist political strategies in Malaysia by focusing on the administration of Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor, the Chief Minister of Kedah from 2020 to 2024. The study investigates how the issue of inter-state water disputesparticularly Kedah’s demand for payment from Penang for raw water from Sungai Muda has been politicised and deployed as a populist narrative to consolidate political legitimacy. Drawing on the hydro-hegemony framework and theories of resource nationalism, I argue that Sanusi’s administration strategically framed water not merely as a resource, but as a symbol of state sovereignty and economic justice. Through qualitative content analysis of public speeches, policy documents, and media coverage between 2020 and 2024, this study reveals how water politics in Kedah reflect deeper tensions in Malaysia’s federal-state dynamics and the absence of a coherent legal framework for transboundary water governance. I demonstrate that the water discourse under Sanusi’s leadership illustrates a distinctive form of populist governance where rhetorical appeals to state rights, economic victimhood, and resource control are mobilised to assert autonomy within a fragmented federal structure. The findings contribute to broader discussions on environmental populism, subnational resource disputes, and the politicisation of infrastructure in emerging democracies. This study also highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive federal policy on water-sharing agreements to prevent political exploitation of vital resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Firdaus Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0