AN ANALYSIS OF THE ATTITUDINAL, CONTEXTUAL AND GENDER PERSPECTIVES OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG INDONESIAN MILLENNIALS

The present study was designed to analyse the entrepreneurial intentions of the Indonesian millennials in Jambi City which are associated with the attitudinal, contextual and gender perspectives. This research focused on the millennial generation, namely students who will enter the labour market in the future. Data were collected from the surveys on millennials in Jambi City and analysed using the descriptive statistical tools and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results indicate several factors: Firstly, the awareness level of gender equality of the millennials in the area is relatively low. There are still around a third of them who are gender-biased on the aspect of personality traits and gender roles in public sector jobs (nondomestic works). The proportion is even greater on the aspect of gender roles in domestic work. Over two-thirds of the millennials have gender-biased perceptions. Secondly, the entrepreneurial intentions of these students are relatively high. It shows that they have strong potentials to become young entrepreneurs in the future. Thirdly, the attitude and contextual factors have significant influence on the millennial entrepreneurial interests in Jambi City. The gender factor, however, does not show a significant impact as a direct influence as well as a variable moderating the influence of attitude and contextual factors.  


Introduction
Gender quality is an important issue in Indonesia, given Indonesia's low index of gender equality. According to the Global Gender Gap Report (World Economic Forum, 2018), Indonesia was ranked 85 out of 149 countries based on the gender equality index. Economic participation and opportunities are particularly low as one of the forming sub-indexes. Various efforts and policies need to be implemented to raise gender equality in Indonesia, especially in increasing the participation of women in the labour market or public sector jobs. Nevertheless, efforts to increase women's involvement in the labour market often face constraints on the limited job opportunities.
The increased participation of women should therefore also coincides with an increase in the job opportunity for labour force.
The focus of the labour force in Indonesia should be shifted from job seekers to job creators in the face of global competition. Thus, fostering an entrepreneurial spirit is an alternative to increase job opportunities. The number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia, however, is only about 3.1 percent of the total population in 2019 (Akhir, 2019); while one of the requirements to become a developed country is that the proportion of entrepreneurs must be over 14 percent of the total population. Related to the gender inequality associated with low involvement of women in the labour market and the potential of entrepreneurship to increase job opportunities, it is necessary to conduct studies in order to improve gender equality based on increasing women's role in the labour market, specifically in entrepreneurship.
This study was conducted in Jambi City, the capital city of Jambi Province and the province's economic growth centre. Jambi Province has relatively low gender equality. In 2017, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) of Jambi Province was placed 23 rd out of the 34 provinces in the rankings in Indonesia. In addition, the index value of 65.32 is far from the average GEM of provinces in Indonesia of 71.74 (Statistics Indonesia, 2018). GEM is an indicator that measures the active participation rate of women in economic and political activities. Based on the data, it shows that there is a high level of inequity between women and men in the labour market especially in Jambi City. This research was conducted among the millennial generation of Jambi City or also known as Generation Y, born between 1981 and 2000. It focused on the millennials who are students and will enter the labour market in the future. This study specifically aimed to analyse the entrepreneurship interests/intentions of the millennials in Jambi City that are associated with three factors, namely, attitude, context and gender.

Gender Perception
The concept of gender has fundamental differences with the concept of sex. Referring to some scholars (Handayani & Sugiarti, 2008;Lindsey, 2015;Rokhmansyah, 2016;Saguni, 2014;William, 2006), gender is a social concept formed by the society that distinguishes functions and roles of men and women.
Community perceptions of gender will influence the way society treats men and women. In a society that has high level of gender equality awareness, roles and functions of men and women in social life will look similar. Conversely, differences in functions and roles of men and women will be evident in a society with low level of gender equality awareness. Society constructs and interprets differences between humans and produces masculine and feminine people (Puspitawati, 2012). Feminine is usually associated with soft, emotional, dependent, sensitive verbs while masculine is usually associated with courage, honesty, intelligence, with the addition of other dimensions (Shaw & Lee, 2015). Conceptually, perception is a process of knowing and understanding the feelings of others (Baron & Donn, 2005). Through perception, an individual realises and understands his or her own condition and surroundings (David, 1998in Najah, 2007. The formation of one's perception occurs through a process with different factors between individuals. Therefore, each individual will have different interpretations or perspectives on a concept or phenomenon. Pieter, Zan, Bethsaida and Saragih (2011) suggested that there are several factors that influence perception, namely: a) the interests, that is, an individual's high interest in an object/event will cause a high interest in perceiving the object/ event; b) the significance, tha is, if an individual considers an object/event to be important, it will cause him/her to be sensitive to the object/event; c) the habit, that is, the more often an individual feels the object/event, the more he or she gets accustomed to form perception; d) the constancy: an individual tends to perceive objects or events as relatively stable and unchanging, in spite of a change in shape, size, color, and brightness.

Millennial Generation/Generation Y
Theoretically, generation is a group of individuals who have various similarities both in individual behaviour, values, and personality. These similarities are influenced and shaped by historic events and cultural phenomena that occur and are experienced at some stage in their life. The events and phenomena form collective memories that have some impact on their lives (Caspi & Roberts, 2001;Caspi, Roberts & Shiner, 2005;Dencker, Joshi, & Martocchio, 2008;Noble & Schewe, 2003;Twenge, 2000). Among the four generations, Generation Y is the most prominent generation because of its diversity. This generation is also known as "Echo Boomers" or "Millennials" (Solomon, Dann, Dann & Russell-Bennett, 2009) and is the first digital generation born in the era of digital technology. In general, Generation Y has qualified digital knowledge. They have high capability in understanding the use of new IT tools and devices (Andrea, Gabriella & Timea, 2016;Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Aank & Statistics Indonesia, 2018;Zloch, 2015). Among other generations, they have the highest level of education and better income level (Yolanda, 2017). In addition, Hawkins and Mothersbaugh (2010) also suggested that Generation Y is a generation that grew up in an era of full job opportunities for women followed by an increasing dual-income household phenomenon (i.e., both husband and wife is working), respecting ethic and cultural diversities, the widespread presence of computers and Internet, and the high level of economic uncertainty.

Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Intentions
Entrepreneurial desire is the initial step taken to create a business (Lee & Wong, 2004). There are two groups of factors influencing entrepreneurship, namely, the internal factors and external factors (Priyanto, 2008). The internal factors are factors that come from within as driving forces for entrepreneurship. These factors include personal traits, attitudes, willingness, and individual abilities. The external factors come from outside the individual self. It can be from the surrounding environment, such as family, business environment, physical environment, and socio-economic environment.
Other studies examined the influence of attitudes of individuals on entrepreneurial interest. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the researches by Gurbuz and Aykol (2008) and Tjahjono and Ardi (2010), various attitudinal elements that affect entrepreneurial interests were revealed which include: 1) authority and autonomy; 2) the desire of having challenging tasks and high economic value work (economic opportunity); 3) liking creative works (self-realisation); and (4) having confidence about entrepreneurial skills (perceived confidence). It was found that perceived confidence as well as authority and autonomy are two elements of attitude that have quite strong influence on entrepreneurial interest.

Methodology
The main data were the primary data obtained from the millennial respondents in Jambi City, Jambi Province. The population in this study was all millennials (Generation Y) in the Senior High School (SMA/Sekolah Menengah Atas), Vocational High School (SMK/Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan), and University. The determination of population was carried out by considering that after completing their studies, these millennials would enter the labour market and had the potential to become young entrepreneurs. The sampling method used in this research is the stratified two-stage sampling: 1.
The first stage comprised selecting the research sites; Senior High School (SMA), Vocational High School (SMK) and University as the research locations. Purposive sampling was done with the following considerations and approaches: • There are 44 Senior High Schools, 36 Vocational High Schools, and nine universities in Jambi City. Then one Senior High School, one Vocational High School, and one University were selected; each representing the highest number of students. • Based on the consideration, SMA Negeri 1, SMK Negeri 3, and Jambi University were chosen as the research locations. The two faculties in Jambi University were selected; one faculty in the social science (Faculty of Economics and Business) and the other, the natural or hard sciences (Faculty of Agriculture).

2.
The second stage involved determining samples of five percent of the target population of the research locations. Table 1 shows, based on the target population the samples were chosen randomly, using RNG (Random Number Generator) software. Data were analysed descriptively. To examine the relationship of entrepreneurial intentions with the attitudinal, contextual, and gender perspectives, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used. The model framework is shown in Figure 1. The measurement and assessment of variables and indicators in the study are given as follows:

Attitude Factors
The measurement of individual attitudes is done using the TPB index which aims to measure a person's attitude towards entrepreneurship (Gurbuz & Aykol, 2008). The attitude factors are measured through seven indicators with 32 statements as listed here: (i) Autonomy and authority (X1 with 6 statements), (ii) Economic challenges and opportunities (X2 with 7 statements), (iii) Security and workload (X3 with 5 statements), (iv) Avoiding responsibility (X4 with 3 statements), (v) Participation and self-realisation (X5 with 4 statements), (vi) Career and Social Environment (X6 with 4 statements), (vii) Self-confidence (X7 with 3 statements). Each statement is assessed using the Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Contextual Factors
The contextual factors are measured through three indicators with 11 statements, namely: 1) The academic support (X8) 2) The social support (X9) with three statements (from scale by Gurbuz and Aykol, 2008); 3) The environmental support, using the scale by Verheul et al. (2005 as cited in Gurbuz and Aykol, 2008) consisting of four statements. Each statement is assessed using the Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Entrepreneurial Intention
The entrepreneurial intention variables are measured through three indicators. Each statement is assessed on Likert scale of 1 to 5 adopted from Gerry, Susana and Nogueira (2008), namely: 1) Intention to become an entrepreneur as a career after graduation (Z1); 2) Prefer to become an entrepreneur rather than being an employee (Z2); and 3) Expect to own a business in the next one to three years (Z3).

Gender Perception
The gender perception is measured through three indicators with the questions referring to Puspitawati's (2008) study instruments, namely: 1) Perception of personality traits (Y1), consisting of 66 questions regarding individual personality traits; 2) Perception of gender roles in domestic work (Y2), consisting of 44 questions regarding activities (works) in the family; 3) Perception of gender roles in the public sector (Y3), consisting of 68 questions regarding activities (works) in the society. The answer is given a value of 1 if the respondent chose 'only appropriate for men/only owned by men' or 'only appropriate for women/only owned by women'. If the answer is 'appropriate for both/owned by both', it is given a value of 2.

Gender Perception among the Millennial Generation
The gender perception in millennial generation is analysed based on three aspects, namely perception of personality traits, perception of gender roles in domestic work, and perception of gender roles in public sector jobs. The millennials in this study are divided into two groups; the millennials who still have gender-biased perceptions, and those who don't have genderbiased perceptions. The first group is a group of individuals who still have gender-biased perceptions, while the second group is a group of individuals who no longer distinguish personality traits of men and women. The result in Table 2 show, gender perception among the millennial generation is based on the three aspects mentioned. Referring to those three aspects, there are still around a third of the millennials (39.39%) who are gender-biased (with a score of 66-98) related to personality traits. Based on perceptions of gender roles in domestic work, the majority (68.87%) of millennials are gender-biased (with a score of 38-57).
Furthermore, based on perceptions of gender roles in public sector work, there were 31.84 percent of millennials who have gender-biased perceptions (with a score of 102-153). This millennial generation gender perception is in line with several other studies which revealed that the cultural beliefs and traditions still remain as obstacles for women to to engage in public sector work (Aliyu, 2013;Aiswarya & Ramasundaram, 2013).

The Millennials' Attitude towards Entrepreneurship
As shown in Table 3, the attitude of millennials towards entrepreneurship is relatively good. This can be seen from the scores of all indicators that are above 3.00. Indicator with the highest average score is participation and selfrealisation, while indicator with the lowest average score is responsibility. Entrepreneurial attitude is one of the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions. Attitude is considered as the most important in the micro entrepreneurship (Robbins & Judge, 2016). Azwar (2016) explained that attitude is an evaluative response, either positive or negative. In this sense, attitude includes preferences or likes or dislikes toward something as an object. In other words, the good attitude of millennial generation on entrepreneurship is expected to foster entrepreneurial intentions among the generation. Table 4 shows that the contextual factors of millennials for entrepreneurship are relatively good. This can be seen from the scores of all indicators that are above 3.00. Indicator with the highest score is academic support, while indicator with the lowest average score is the environmental support.

Contextual Factors of the Millennial Generation for Entrepreneurship
Furthermore, based on the indicators, the highest average score is academic support, followed by the social support and environmental support. The high score of academic support is obtained because it is affected in spite of the fact that the millennial generation right now is those who are still in school. The same result is also found in the previous study by Hasanah and Hasanah and Nurhasikin (2019). They examined the millennials in the State Polytechnic of Batam, Indonesia.

The Entrepreneurial Intentions of the Millennial Generation
Based on Table 5, the three indicators of the entrepreneurial intentions show relatively the same score, between 3.70 and 3.80. Referring to the averages score of 3.77 (on a scale of 1-5), the entrepreneurial intention score of the millennials is observed to be relatively high.  Table 5 shows that there is a high potential of millennials to become young entrepreneurs in the future. The high entrepeneurial intention score in this millennial generation was also found by Indriyani and Margunani (2018). This finding is also supported by the study by Pratana and Margunani (2019) which indicated that over two thirds (67.53%) of students has high entrepreneurial intentions.

The Influence of Attitudinal, Contextual and Gender Perspectives on the Entrepreneurial Intention
Before conducting the analysis, an evaluation of the model was carried out first, which was related to the validity and reliability of the indicators on its latent (construct) variables. Validity test uses convergent test and discriminant validity of the indicators. Reliability test uses two criteria, namely, the composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha.
Based on the testing of the initial model, it was found that one indicator of attitude (X4), one indicator of contextual (X10), and two indicators of gender perceptions (Y1 and Y2) were not valid and reliable. These four indicators are then excluded from the model. On the other hand, all indicators on entrepreneurial intention variables meet the requirements of validity and reliability. After removing the invalid and unreliable indicators, a modified model is constructed as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. A modified model
Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that the correlation (loading factor) of all construct indicators is above 0.5. Similarly, this appeared in discriminant validity test (Table 6). The average variance extracted (AVE) value for each construct shows greater than the correlation value between the construct and other constructs in the model. Table 6 also shows that all variables have composite reliability value above 0.60. In other words, the model has good reliability. The influence between variables is shown through coefficient and significance of t statistic as shown in Table 7.
Based on

Conclusion and Recommendations
The gender perception of millennials in Jambi City is relatively low. There are still one third of millennials who are gender-biased on the aspects of personality traits and gender roles in public sector jobs. The proportion is even greater on the gender roles in domestic work. More than two-thirds of the millennials in Jambi City have gender-biased perceptions.
The entrepreneurial intention of millennials in Jambi City is relatively high. This shows that there is a high potential of millennials who will become young entrepreneurs in the future. Attitudinal and contextual factors have significant effects on the entrepreneurial intention of millennials in Jambi City. However, gender perception does not show a significant effect, either as a direct influence or as a variable moderating the influence of attitude and contextual factors.
The gender equality perception in millennials in Jambi City is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to increase efforts to promote gender equality, especially in younger generation, through formal and informal educational institutions. High entrepreneurial interest of millennials should be followed by skills in entrepreneurship. Therefore, the government should be able to increase the number of entrepreneurship training among young people.